Human Resource Management Management Decision

Question: Describe about the Human Resource Management for Management Decision. Answer: 1. In order to deal with an intoxicated employee, it is imperative for the company or employer in question to have a company policy in place which clearly states that alcoholism during work hours or working under the influence of alcohol at workplace in banned. Using the company policy, the supervisor can issue warning to the employee who might be coming intoxicated at work. However, this should be limited to only the first couple of instances as the cost of alcoholism may be exceptionally high for the organisation. It is imperative that this must be issued only after having all relevant data which indicates the intoxication beyond any doubt. Fines may also be imposed during the initial stages. However, if the employee does not improve the conduct, then the employee may have to be terminated or referred to EAP (Employee Assistance Program). Besides, it is imperative that the supervisor should be vigilant with regards to such employees and must observe signs of alcoholism such as high absenteeism, inefficiency at work along with behavioural issues (Mondy and Mondy, 2012). In dealing with an intoxicated employee, it is imperative to consider certain mitigating circumstances such as the performance of employee on job, behaviour with colleagues, extent of the problem particularly with regards to consumption and the frequency of the same. The nature of disciplinary action would tend to be dictated by the above factors even though intoxicated employees would be discouraged. For instance, an employee who has only rare issues with alcoholism and otherwise has exceptional work performance would more likely be considered for an EAP rather than termination (Werner and Desimone, 2012). EAP or Employee Assistance Program may be defined as a work based intervention program which is designed for ensuring the employees wellbeing in all the senses i.e. emotional, mental and psychological. Since the problem of alcoholism impacts the wellbeing of the employee besides adversely impacting the work performance, hence EAP is quite relevant to deal with such problems. Under this program, there are professional counsellors who provide counselling to employees facing the issue of alcoholism and therefore would enable to overcome the issue in a gradual manner. The counsellors at EAP help in assessing the exact nature of the problem and also provide treatment or refer the employees to external treatment or rehabilitation centres if the extent of the problem is severe. Although the counselling offered under EAP program is kept confidential but with the prior permission of the client, the counsellor may appraise the supervisor about the progress of the particular employee which enab les the supervisor to take relevant decisions with regards to continuation of job (Dessler, 2013). 3. A well career management system is beneficial for both employees and employers. This is discussed below. Benefits to Employees It presents a proper career path to the employee based upon the individual ability and interest. This provides a boost to the overall motivation level of the employee and hence increases the productivity level as the employee proactively works towards the career goals. This also creates a positive image of the employer and hence limits the attrition rate and enhances the overall satisfaction level of the employees (Chanda and Shen, 2009). Besides, the career management plans also provide the employees of the organisation opportunity to get promoted and fulfil the various vacancies that may arise in the organisation from time to time. This in turn provides a natural career progression path for their employees which provide them motivation to stay with the organisation. Moreover, an integral part of the successful career management plans is the self-assessment of employees which enables the employee to raise their self-awareness levels especially about their key strengths and weaknesse s. Also, the employee is provided the requisite training so as to ensure that the career management plan that is intended for the employee could actually be executed. Further, it also enables an organisational knowledge transfer system in place with the more experienced personnel manning the senior posts while most freshers or newcomers occupying the entry level positions (Werner and Desimone, 2012). Benefits to employers The employers also share benefits of a successful career management plan. This is primarily in the form of higher retention and lower attrition amongst employees which tends to lower the overall costs involved in hiring and training of new manpower. Besides, it allows that the vacancies arising in the organisation especially at the middle and top management to be filled by internal employees who have been especially groomed for such positions (Mondy and Mondy, 2012). Also, since the retention and employee productivity is enhanced, hence it allows the employer to maintain a competitive edge especially in this knowledge driven economy. Further, it also strengthens the succession pipe as select talent is groomed for future leadership role and hence allows a continuity to be maintained besides providing opportunity for the loyal employees to lead the company (Dessler, 2013). Hence, it may be concluded that a successful career management system provides significant advantages to both employee and employer since it enhances the overall productivity and encourages talent retention. However, a career management system which is not faulty and not driven by the innate interests and merit may be faulty and hence the above discussed gains may not arise. 4. The various similarities amongst on the job experience, management education and management training are as follows (Dessler, 2013). The intention of all the above measures is to enhance the knowledge and overall skillsets of the concerned employee and hence to prepare the person concerned for a particular position. The expense for all the above measures is borne by the company and the employee needs to ensure that the objectives of the program need to be met. The various dissimilarities amongst on the job experience, management education and management training are as follows (Werner and Desimone, 2012). Even though all the above measures foster learning but there is stark difference in the underlying mechanism as the management education focuses more on theoretical learning while on the job experience is entirely about practical learning whereas management training lies in between the continuum,. The management education and management training tend to be implemented in a classroom setting unlike on the job experience which tends to be executed on the floor where the job is being done. The focus of management education tends to be more wide and generalised in nature unlike on the job experience which is highly specific to a particular job profile or role. Similarly, management training tends to be more restrictive in scope as compared to management education but more liberal in comparison to on the job experience. It is imperative that the management development program should not view the above techniques in silos but should aim to integrate the above measures for the holistic development of the employee. As a result, it is imperative that there should be a need assessment based on the underlying job profile. Further, there should be an assessment of the particular employee so as to identify the skill deficit based on which a particular measure or a combination of measures must be deployed in order to ensure that the skill deficit is removed in a time bound manner. It is imperative that the HR managers must seek opinion from the concerned employee with regards to the above options and thus, the suitable technique should be deployed. The HR manager on their part should try to provide some flexibility to employees with regards to the above measures based on their skill deficit, underlying ability, level of seniority and performance (Pinnington and Lafferty, 2003). 5. The change process tends to be unsettling and is often marred by turbulence and resistance from various quarters (Del Val and Fuentes, 2003). In such a background, Scheins theory on change process particularly with regards to individual behaviour. This is particularly significant in the change process whose various stages are discussed in the Lewins change model. However, a critical role in the change process is that of the change agent who potentially influences individual behaviour (Davidson, 2002). The change agent at the unfreezing stage or stage one facilitates the acceptance of change by motivating the employees to change and thereby dispelling the fears and negative attitudes towards change. Further, there is a cognitive restructuring at the second stage so as to introduce an altered point of view which could ensure that the employee embrace change. Finally at the refreezing stage or stage three, the altered view point with regards to change is integrated into the overall t hough process of the employee with the aid of the change agent. This is imperative as it enables the reconfirmation of the self-concept of employees and imbibes the performance standards which are desired by the changed organisation (Werner and Desimone, 2012). One example of an organisation which could successfully manage change using the Scheins theory is the California State University which recently brought sweeping changes in the IT systems of the main campus which also impacted the operations in various 23 campuses affiliated with the university. Due to the sweeping IT system changes, there was high degree of resistance amongst the employees particularly the staff working in various campuses since the IT system looked at bringing a fundamental transformation in the way the business would be conducted. However, the management explained to the employees through various communication channels the exact need of this change and how it would enable that the employee roles are well defined and thus enhance accountability while ensuring that all databases are centralised. This ensured that the employees were willing to change and further could see how they would be benefitted by the new systems. Further, the university also provided them with the requisite training so as to allay any fears and uncertainty that may be prevailing amongst the employees. Finally, the employees accepted the new performance metrics in the aegis of the new improved IT system. The management in this case through their open communication and encouragement acted as a potent change agent (Troyani, 2014). 6. There is difference between EEO (Equal Employment Opportunity), AA (Affirmative Action) and DI (Diversity Inclusion). EEO limits itself to implementation of the government statutes for ensuring that there is no discrimination in the matters of employment. AA is a wider action on part of the employer that aims to implement the government statutes in spirit and hence aims to dismantle the various barriers that may exist during hiring which may cause some discrimination. DI is the wider policy which seeks to ensure that that diversity is celebrated and also the diverse workforce is able to accomplish the organisational goals so that the diverse workforce could be maintained and retained (Werner and Desimone, 2012). One real company that has a functional diversity program is Johnson and Johnson. The company boasts of an office dedicated to diversity and inclusion. This office is headed by a Chief Diversity Officer who reports directly to the CEO of the company. Further, in order to ensure that the employee could embrace diversity as a way of life, the company boasts a diversity university which seeks to educate the employees in this regard besides providing the requisite skills. Also, mentoring in this regard also exists for the employees. In order to ensure EEO, the company has a stringent zero tolerance policy in place which discourages any discrimination and ensures that during hiring preference is given to individuals coming from different backgrounds. The diversity university along with the office of diversity and inclusion are potent measures with regards to AA and DI since the diversity at JJ is not tolerated but rather encouraged through proactive measures as has been discussed above (JJ , nd). It is not imperative that diverse organisations should also be inclusive. This is primarily because the scope of diversity limits itself to have a diverse workforce which comes from different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds and ensuring that no discrimination is there with regards to hiring of such workforce. However, inclusion concerns itself with regards to the integration between the various elements of this diverse workforce and how well could the employees coming from diverse background be integrated in the fold of the organisational culture. An organisational which has a diverse workforce may not be inclusive as there may be discrimination in terms of routine behaviour or in promotion and training opportunities. It is imperative that the diversity must be embraced in the organisational culture and only then could an inclusive workforce be obtained (Pinnington and Lafferty, 2003). 7. The Hersey and Blanchard situation leadership theory states that the underlying leadership style exhibited by the leader must not remain uniform and must be driven by the underlying maturity level of the followers. The four leadership maturity combinations as advocated as part of this model are briefly highlighted below (Jones, 2005). Telling the followers should be practised in case the follower group has only basic competence and is not willing towards the execution of the task and hence the leader needs to dictate the various steps. Selling needs to be exhibited when the follower group is willing with regard to task execution but the ability is lacking. As a result, there is two-way communication as the leader tends to provide the necessary support to the group in order to convince them of the leadership role occupied by the leader. Participating needs to be exhibited when the follower group has the requisite skillsets of accomplish the job but lacks the self-belief that they possess the necessary skills. In this particular case, since the group is competent, hence the leader tends to share the decision making with the various employees and provides them needed support to enhance their self-belief. Delegating needs to be exhibited when the follower group is both able and willing to do the task and completely prepared to assume the responsibility for the same. In such a scenario, the leader merely delegates the various tasks and only limits involvement to monitoring. The situation leadership model can be integrated with the team development model proposed by Tuckman. At my workplace, for a particular project I was required to work in a team consisting of three other members who were comparatively new. During the forming stage, there was a lot of confusion with regards to responsibility etc. and hence it is imperative that selling leadership style was exhibited where I established myself as the leader by passing instructions so as to enhance the team formation (Hills, 2006). During the storming stage, there were conflicts amongst the team members as there was some degree of mutual compatibility which adversely impacted their underlying motivation level. As a result, the telling leadership style was exhibited so as to ensure that the group tends to carry on with the requisite steps despite the internal differences. During the norming stage, there was resolution of differences through the way of team meetings and there was marked increase in the group cohesion. As a result, the leadership style got altered to participating as despite being the leader, I encouraged the team members to participate in key decision making. Finally, we entering the performing stage where the team worked as a cohesive unit and the team members had the requisite skill along with the motivation to achieve the designated work. The leadership style that was displayed at this juncture was the delegating style since the team was competent enough besides having the requisite motivation and thus only monitoring was required (William, 2009). References Chanda, A. and Shen, J. (2009).HRM strategic integration and organizational performance. Los Angeles: Response Books. Davidson, J. (2002). Overcoming resistance to change, Public Management, 84(11), 21 Del Val, M. P. and Fuentes, M. (2003). Resistance to change: a literature review and empirical study, Management Decision. 41(2), 148-155 Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management, Boston: Prentice Hall. Hills, H. (2006). Team based learning, London: Gower Publishers JJ (nd), Our people and diversity, Retrieved from Johnson Johnson Website on June 30, 2016 https://www.jnj.com/about-jnj/diversity Jones, D. (2005). Executive Coaching and its Role in Effective Leadership Development.International Journal Of Leadership In Public Services,1(1), 45-48. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2012).Human resource management, Boston: Prentice Hall. Pinnington, A. and Lafferty, G. (2003), Human Resource Management in Australia, New York: Oxford Troyani, L. (2014), 3 EXAMPLES OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND WHY THEY GOT IT RIGHT, Retrieved from Tiny Pulse Website on June 30, 2016 https://www.tinypulse.com/blog/3-examples-of-organizational-change-and-why-they-got-it-right Werner, J.M. and Desimone, R.L. (2012), Human Resource Development, New York, South Western Cengage Learning William, K.A. (2009). The Student's Guide to Successful Project Teams New York: Taylor Francis Group

Arthur “Mr. Chips” Chipping, age 85 Essay Essays

Arthur â€Å"Mr. Chips† Chipping, age 85 Essay Essays Arthur â€Å"Mr. Chips† Chipping, age 85 Essay Essay Arthur â€Å"Mr. Chips† Chipping, age 85 Essay Essay The venerable establishment of Brookfield has grown a small poorer. Its memories have faded. merely a little more fleetly than memories are disposed to make. holding lost its greatest memory-keeper. The instructors. the staff. and even the male childs that passed through its halls. considered Arthur Chipping to be every bit much a portion of Brookfield as the rock and howitzer of its walls. However. in the terminal. he proved to be flesh and blood. Arthur Chipping died in his slumber today. at the age of 85. after a long life of service to the immature work forces of England. Chipping was born in 1848. In 1870. at the age of 22. Chiping â€Å"took his prep† at in the Big Hall of Brookfield. a boys’ public get oning school. It was at Brookfield that he remained until the terminal of his life. although he had retired in 1913. at the age of 65. Sing hours will be between 7 p. m. and 9 p. m. tomorrow. Flower contributions should be sent in attention of Mrs. Wickett. Brookfield. Chipping was a maestro throughout his calling. learning classical history. Greek. and Latin for all of his 42 old ages at Brookfield. In 1900. Chiping briefly served at that place as Acting Head. following the sudden decease of the Head of Brookfield. from pneumonia. Following his retirement in 1913. Chiping remained active at the school. go toing of import lucifers and dinners and taking it upon himself to fix and redact a new Brookfeldian Directory ( 91 ) . In 1916. Chiping returned to learning at his old station. due to the instruction deficit created by the First World War. During this clip. he acted as a stabilizing force for Brookfield. maintaining. as he was fond of stating â€Å"a sense of proportion† about it when he was once more appointed to Acting Head of Brookfield. He retired for a 2nd clip in 1918 ; this clip his retirement was lasting. It would non be exaggerating the affair to state that Chipping. lovingly known as â€Å"Mr. Chips. † was a one time in a life-time maestro. Merely one other single seems to near his dedication: a Mr. William Balgarnie. a maestro at The Leys ( Carroll par. 8 ) . whose life was similar plenty so that they seemed modeled after one another. Chiping leaves no life relatives. At 48. he met 25-year-old Katherine Bridges. an out of work governess. while walking at Great Gable. They married merely a hebdomad before the autumn term began that twelvemonth. non go forthing themselves clip for a honeymoon. It was Katherine who gave Chiping the moniker of â€Å"Mr. Chips. † She predeceased him after a brief matrimony. while giving birth to their lone kid. Although he leaves no inheritor. Chips one time commented that he had â€Å"thousands† of kids. All male childs. Goodbye. Mr. Chips. You will be missed. Plants Cited Carroll. Timothy. â€Å"Who was the existent Mr. Chips? † 12 Sept. 2002. 6 June 2008. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. telegraph. co. uk/arts/main. jhtml? xml=/arts/2002/12/09/batc09. xml gt ; . Hilton. James. Goodbye. Mr. Chips. 1934. New York: Small. Br

lotf essays

lotf essays William Golding has portrayed the characters from the beginning into very different people as the book has gone on. In particular, there have been major contrasts between the character and major changes within the characteristics after each chapter, especially involving Jack, Ralph and Simon. Chapter 1 is the basic introduction to the main characters, meeting each other on the island for the first time and how they have learnt to cope without the supervision of the adults. The first two characters to meet are Piggy and Ralph and due to the descriptive characteristics of the two characters there are already signs that the two of them are completely different people. Piggy is definitely the more reserved and disabled of the two as it says on p.13: My auntie told me not to run, On account of my asthma. Ass-mar? This shows that Piggy probably has a better education than Ralph and that Ralph hadnt been taught as well. P.15 also shows that Ralph is probably a lot more confident kinaesthetically and this can be seen in one incident where it says: He undid the snake clasp of his belt, lugged off his shorts and pants, and stood there naked, looking at the dazzling beach and the water. This suggests that Ralph is showing signs that he is enjoying the idea of freedom, now that there are no rules applied. Piggy being the more intelligent however manages to find the other boys on the island when he tells Ralph that he might able to find the others by blowing the conch. In doing this 4 other characters appear on the scene, Jack and his choir, Sam, Eric and Simon. There is a lot of friction between Ralph and Jack due to the fact that Jack already is leader of his own group and now that all the other children have been found Ralph as been made overall chief on the island. This is displeasing to Jack; however, Ralph tries to show he wants a mutual friendship and says on p.31, The choir belongs to ...

Working class people in New York in the late 19th and early 20th Essay

Working class people in New York in the late 19th and early 20th centuries - Essay Example will seek to look at the life of a working class in New York in the early 19th and early 20th centuries and explore imperative factors that directly affected their lives. With reference to Report to the Industrial Commission by Kate Holladay, Immigrants like Austro- Hungarian and Slavonic people comprised of a large population of those races in New York. In 1890 this new groups of people greatly contributed to the population. According to a census done in New York the foreign born population was 12.23%. This indicated a rise in their population. Over the years, the population of the immigrants drastically increased as it made about four –fifths of its population. A study indicated that the population of foreign immigrants who lived in the wards of Fourteen Street where there was little employment showed that there was male predominance as opposed to women. The bulk of the working class who were employed to do domestic services above the wards on fourteen streets showed equal dominance amongst male and female. Foreign born females showed much dominance in the suburban Twenty third and Twenty fourth wards. The legislative also showed how the wor king class immigrants of New York from different races were overcrowded in the tenement houses. This greatly increased criminal activities in the areas. This was in contrast to the working class whites born in New York who live suburban areas which were less congested (Holladay 470). The children of the foreign based working class went to public schools whereas the children of the whites went to most private schools. In reference to New York’s working class life, William Dean Howells is the most known and influential advocate in this field. He argued that authors had a responsibility to inform their readers on issues pertaining publications. He played a significant role in ensuring that the lives of authors change in relation to the economic changes in the America. In the beginning of his mission, he concentrated

Communicating Effectively Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communicating Effectively - Research Paper Example Boys, on the other hand, are exposed to strong tones and power-filled language and are handled less gently as they are tossed in the air and held upright from a younger age to demonstrate their power and strength (Rasquinha & Mouly, 2005) Maltz and Borker (1982) proposed the Sociolinguistic Subculture Approach. They explain that boys and girls grow up in essentially different talk subcultures resulting from the differing expectations parents and peers direct toward them about acceptable ways to talk. As early as two years of age, children classify themselves and other people as belonging to one of two genders. By age three, girls develop skills at talking earlier than boys and these talking skills are utilized to explore relationships with others. They are more likely than boys to deploy language strategies that demonstrate attentiveness, responsiveness, and support (Leaper, 1991). They develop intimate relationships by selecting a â€Å"best friend† and use language to find common ground with that friend. Boys at the same age are not as verbal. They use more strategies that demand attention, give orders, and establish dominance (Leaper, 1991). They engage in group activities with other boys and test out their ‘high’ and ‘low’ status roles: â€Å"I’m the leader†, â€Å"you follow me†, etc. They establish positions among the group and they are apparently louder, more physical and less verbal than girls (Rasquinha & Mouly, 2005). transition to middle childhood, interaction strategies become more gender-differentiated. Whereas girls become more competent in collaborative strategies, boys stick to their reliance on domineering influence strategies. Deborah Tannen, a professor of linguistics, theorized that as adults, men and women reproduce such behavior patterns. Men engage in one up strategies to position themselves in groups

Medical Translation: Functionalist Approaches

Medical Translation: Functionalist Approaches Medical Translation: functionalist approaches Translation is used in every day life and is used in multiple fields of work. Translation is defined in the Collins Dictionary as a piece of writing or speech that has been translated into another action and as the act of translating something. The two definitions point to the two different ways translation is explained, the first as being the product produced by the translator and the second as the actual process of translation. The dictionary of Translation Studies additionally introduces sub types of translation such as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation. . .interpreting (Hatim, Munday: 2004). The sub type I shall be discussing is medical translation. At every milestone, translation was the key to scientific progress as it unlocked for each successive inventor and discoverer the minds of predecessors who expressed their innovative thoughts in another language (Fischbach: Wright1993). Translation has been used since Hippocrates and Galen in Greek and was translated primarily into Latin and Arabic, Arabic especially in the Middle Ages. This spread knowledge to the Western world producing translations into Castilian and English. [1] Whilst medical translation shares many features with other sub types in that it involves adapting to cultural differences, using technological tools and communicating through linguistic barriers, this sub type has many specialties of its own. When translating a medical text, one must be careful to communicate the specific knowledge correctly. Factual complexity and accuracy becomes a main priority for the translator. Medical terminology, communicative situations (among specialists, in the mass media, in education, to patients, in campaigns and internationally), medical genres and medical ethics also influence the way in which translation is produced. I shall be focusing on functional approaches to translation, introducing Vermeers Skopostheorie, Reiss theory of text types and functional equivalence and lexical equivalence, applying them to the aspects of specific audiences, Latin based terms, medical English standardisations and medical texts. Functionalism is the broad term used for the many theories that approach translation using functionalist methods. It focuses on the importance of the function or functions of the target text rather than the linguistic equivalence to the source text. Texts are produced with a specific purpose or function in mind. The starting point for any translation is therefore not the linguistic surface structure of the ST, but the purpose of the TT (Nord: 1997). It also includes the notion of translation as communication. Translation is defined as a purposeful, transcultural activity whose linguistic form depends on the function or the purpose of the target text. Action, communication and cultural theories are included under the title of functionalism. Skopostheorie, translational action theory and Reiss and Vermeers general theory of translation will be discussed in further detail. The main theory within functionalist approaches is Skopostheorie, (Skopos meaning purpose in Greek) by Hans J. Vermeer. Vermeer believes that linguistics alone is not enough for translation as he believes not all problems can be solved solely through language abilities but that the prime principal determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action (Vermeer: Nord1997). He understands translation as a human action and that all actions are intentional and purposeful behaviours. Any form of translational action, including therefore translation itself, may be conceived as an action, as the name implies. Any action has an aim, a purpose. [. . . ] The word Skopos, then, is a technical term for the aim or purpose of a translation (Vermeer1989). He also adds that these behaviours take place in situations which happen in cultures which consequently leads to the Skopostheorie being culture specific as Holz-Manttari explains in further detail. From this thought, Vermeer derives a general Skopos rule, which states: translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in a situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function. This rule is designed to solve dilemmas such as free vs. faithful translation or dynamic vs. formal equivalence. Another general rule mentioned which will be discussed again later is the coherence rule which concerns the target text must be coherent to allow the intended users to understand it in their situational circumstances. Another important factor of Skopostheorie is that of the addressee which is the receiver or the audience. The translation must be directed towards them, which is why purpose and the coherence rule are so important. *** Holz-Mantarris translational action theory goes further than the Vermeer in that she completely disregards the word translation, referring to it instead as message transmitters. She describes translation as a complex action designed to achieve a particular purpose. The purpose of this theory is to create the ability to send messages across culture and language barriers by experts (translators). She also highlights the actional aspects of the translation process such as the translator, initiator, message receiver and the situational conditions in which the action (of translation) takes place. She calls this intercultural cooperation. The audience, as mentioned before, is one of the most important factors in Skopostheorie. Medic al translation requires the translator to be faithful to the client as well as the source text*** In the medical field, there are two main types of audiences: the lay audience and the expert audience. Often, when translating medical technical terms, which is very common and can cause problems, terms can be changed or borrowed in order to make sense in the target culture. Because Latin was once the lingua franca of medicine and Greek was the original language of medical text, there still exists today a great amount of Latin and Greek based words and the use of Latin and Greek suffixes and prefixes. This topic has proved difficult for translators as it challenges the Skopostheorie in that linguistic equivalence is not necessary. We see here that this is not always the case. The use of Latin words is extremely common in English; words such as pneumonia and appendicitis are very common amongst both types of audiences. When translating into romance languages and even into Germanic languages, the word tends to be equivalent to that of the English with minor spelling changes: English Spanish  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   German Pneumonia Neumonia Pneumonie Appendicitis Apendicitis Appendizitis However, in some countries such as Germany and Denmark, Latin continues to act as the lingua franca in medicine and therefore is not understood by the lay audience. They are replaced by more popularized terms in order to reach out to a larger audience: German Danish Expert:   appendizitis expert: Appendicitis Non- expert: Blinddarmentzundung non-expert: blindtarmsbetoendelse Expert: Pneumonie expert: pneumoni Non- expert: Lungenentzundung non- expert: lungebetoendelse [1] Hippocrates, known as the Father of Medicine, was known for his medical knowledge which Galen and Perganum expanded 400 years after. The numerous articles of Hippocrates and Galen gave way to the need of medical translation. Aulus Cornelius Celsus, otherwise known as Cicero, was the first to translate the Greek works and terms into Latin in the first century AD. With the rise of Islam in the seventh century, and the establishment of medical schools in the major cities such as Baghdad and Damascus created the need for translation of Greek medical works into Arabic. By the Middle Ages, translation from Arabic to Latin saw the spreading of information to the Western world and Christian Europe and with the colonisation of the New World and the discovering of new drugs, translations into Castilian and English were produced in the sixteenth century (Fischbach: Wright1993). In the Renaissance, Latin was the Lingua Franca creating translations between Latin and vernacular languages and b etween vernacular languages themselves (Montalt and Davies, 2007). Bill T Jones | Choreography Analysis Bill T Jones | Choreography Analysis Bill T. Jones is a startling choreographer with an exhilarating presence and charisma. His compilation of Solos includes Tea for Two, Ionization, and Chaconne. All different from each other are depictions of Jones emotions and body movements to their extremes. Giving a brief explanation to each, Tea for Two is a depiction of emotions like desire and love, while Ionization has an extreme involvement of strong music, movement, and expressions which depict violence, and finally, Chaconne is a flickering performance that displays the involvement of artistic techniques and music insinuating a certain story, or feeling. This paper is an outlook of Jones work, especially in these performances, and how each performance is an artistic representation of a certain theme. The classical song Tea for Two is what Bill T. Jones performance is based upon. It is a solo which he presents twice; once on the stairs, and next in a studio. On the other hand, as a spectator I have realized that differences in the setting may lead to a vast distinction between two performances. Firstly, Tea for Two: On the Stairs. The performance is a depiction of love, freewill, and desire. I have felt that Jones performs with his full fervor on the streets out to celebrate. Also, the lyrics sung by Blossom Dearie speak for themselves as the dancer is blissful and content about the house created for him and his lover away from the busy life of the city. As a spectator, I have felt that it is a romantic ballad dance where Jones is conveying to his audience that he is happy regarding being alone with his loved one with no one to bother them enabling them to have tea for two and enjoying it without any interruption. Also, I have realized that Jones free style of dancing reflects his freedom and peacefulness. The daylight tends to capture the essence of love and happiness, while his facial expressions are of a happy man content with his living and life. In this dance sequence, the space is fully utilized with no sets, or props to disturb the concept of freedom he is trying to convey to the audience. A very natural and clean performance, which shows what little happiness in life, along with a loved one, can do to a human being. Furthermore, moving on to Tea for Two: In the Studio. Although Jones had performed the piece twice on the same music, the difference in the setting gave the dance another feeling. I felt that Jones is not performing with the same essence, or power. Also, I believe that his performance in the studio constrained him; impeded him from moving freely, unlike his performance on the stairs where you could feel the positive energy shimmering from every movement and line Jones had made. Moreover, Do you think Ill make a soldier, every round goes higher and higher, do you want to have your freedom? are the words of Bill T. Jones which he added after his performance to the piece in the studio. To me, this altered the mood after watching the performance as Jones left the audience in deep thoughts; also, as a spectator, I did not fully understand the intention of such a quote; however, it could be that Jones is doubtful while referring to himself as a soldier, and questionable regarding acquiring his freedom as he pictures it with his loved one. Moving on to another spectacular piece by Bill T. Jones entitled Ionization. Ionization is a piece choreographed to a classic music composition by Edgar Varese, and this dance piece is an excellent synchronization of different instruments with the moves of the body. Also, as a spectator, the dance is an ionization of the human body to different beats in life and is also built on the premise of how a body moves to the most sensitive distinctions of various kinds of percussive sounds. Different instruments such as the bass and the drums are a pleasure to hear when synchronized to the soft and soothing sounds of the piano and the saxophone. Also, as a spectator, I was awakened with the African like beats, as well as, beats similar to the roaring of a lion and sirens allowing Jones to shift within the space using stronger movements according to the beat of the instruments. Furthermore, I consider this solo performance by Jones very much attention grabbing as the way he communicated with his audience through his facial expressions was outstanding; also, the way he switched swiftly from one expression to another, yet having full control to make such switches apparent was expertly done. Moreover, violence could be seen gradually in the performance from the beginning to the end from his sharp stomp like movements to his facial expressions with accordance to the music played. However, although Jones performance fully caught my attention, the music he chose for such a sequence was somehow dominating making me focus in certain parts with the music played rather than Jones while performing. Additionally, Chaconne is framed around spoken text and the music of Bachs D-Minor Partita for Solo Violin. This solo performance accompanied by Bachs D Minor Partita could be about Jones personal memories accompanied by the appearance of written text on screen about a close friend of him, or it could be dedicated to his mother. Moreover, I believe that the text is directly related to the sad and painful moves of Jones in the dance sequence. Also, the text helped me as a spectator understand the mood of the performer and comprehend the purpose of the dance sequence as it felt that Jones was somehow impersonating the person in agony, or remembering how she felt during her instant of pain, especially during the part while he was on the floor with his hand forming a heart like shape and the text appearing. Furthermore, the music, which is entirely a mix of violins, added to the softness of the performance. Although there is a huge difference between Jones four performances, I have liked Chaconne the most as I have felt that it reflects certain hidden emotions within him which he is able to only reflect through dance and hidden speech. Last but not least, it is difficult to compare between two profound choreographers such as Bill T. Jones and Merce Cunningham; however, I have admired Jones style most as to me he managed to portray original contemporary dancing and choreography. Although Merce Cunningham is a pioneer in contemporary dancing, and I am not a guru in such a field to fully express my opinion; however, that is what I have realized after watching several pieces by both choreographers. Bill T. Jones is an exquisite performer and choreographer who is able to grab hold of his audiences attention from the moment he starts dancing. Also, his ability to establish choreography with clear messages sent is an attribute which I find significant. Bill T. Jones is truly proficient in his field of expertise, and really has the ability to keep his audience engaged wherever and whenever he performs.

Essay --

Typical of our fights, it always ends with one of us banging the door, and walking away in fury. It has always been our way of letting the other know that we are pissed beyond the thin stretch that separates sane from the absolutely insane phase of things. Sigh. Well, to tell the truth, I am the one who does the banging of the door most of the time. Anyway, early this month we moved into a new house, and perhaps it was the pressure of moving, coupled with our tendency not agreeing with things that matter (Like me insisiting that we need new curtains and him insisting that our old curtains will work just fine in covering our windows, cus after all, they are just curtains *Sigh*) So he yells: DO WHAT YOU WANT†¦ and Bang! He slams the door behind him, and I hear his car speeding off into the blackness of the night. Inside me, am seething with deep anger†¦.damn! he cant just leave like that! Yaani! How can he just leave like that? In the middle of an argument? He just drives off and leaves me talking to myself like a maniac? Where do his priorities lie? I pick my phone and start writing him a text about how much of an insensitive coward he is, and that he should come back home so that we square it like adults *Giggling* but I stop myself because I am the mature one in the fight, and I read somewhere that fighting through texts is for teenagers and errm, new loves who have subscribed to unlimited texts. Anyway, I am soooo furious at him that I can barely touch my supper. I just take plenty of cookies and coca cola and suffer through it *Giggling again* I am in such a bad place that I heap more cookies to my plate and eat them slowly, munching while replaying the argument on my head†¦.over and over†¦. I had fought it so logically, lo... ...in to her. She giggles on the other end. I hang up. My other sister is on the call wait. I explain to her too. She clicks and says: â€Å"Na venye umetuamsha tukilala. Nkt.† Then she hangs up. I tell mister how he has made me worry people. He stifles laughter and tells me â€Å"It was just clothes that had fallen, you didn’t almost die†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Suddenly, I analyse the whole thing in my head and I find it kinda funny. I start laughing too. So we laugh~ â€Å"But I could have been surrounded by thugs. And you were not here†¦I tell him with a pout. He looks me in the eye, the kind that makes me blush, and he moves his face so close to mine till I can smell the distant whiff of alcohol in his breath hit me in the face. â€Å"Even if I was here, what could I have done†¦.† He asks, a playful smile on his face. And he moves his face even closer, till I feel the graze of his dry lips on mine†¦. Essay -- Typical of our fights, it always ends with one of us banging the door, and walking away in fury. It has always been our way of letting the other know that we are pissed beyond the thin stretch that separates sane from the absolutely insane phase of things. Sigh. Well, to tell the truth, I am the one who does the banging of the door most of the time. Anyway, early this month we moved into a new house, and perhaps it was the pressure of moving, coupled with our tendency not agreeing with things that matter (Like me insisiting that we need new curtains and him insisting that our old curtains will work just fine in covering our windows, cus after all, they are just curtains *Sigh*) So he yells: DO WHAT YOU WANT†¦ and Bang! He slams the door behind him, and I hear his car speeding off into the blackness of the night. Inside me, am seething with deep anger†¦.damn! he cant just leave like that! Yaani! How can he just leave like that? In the middle of an argument? He just drives off and leaves me talking to myself like a maniac? Where do his priorities lie? I pick my phone and start writing him a text about how much of an insensitive coward he is, and that he should come back home so that we square it like adults *Giggling* but I stop myself because I am the mature one in the fight, and I read somewhere that fighting through texts is for teenagers and errm, new loves who have subscribed to unlimited texts. Anyway, I am soooo furious at him that I can barely touch my supper. I just take plenty of cookies and coca cola and suffer through it *Giggling again* I am in such a bad place that I heap more cookies to my plate and eat them slowly, munching while replaying the argument on my head†¦.over and over†¦. I had fought it so logically, lo... ...in to her. She giggles on the other end. I hang up. My other sister is on the call wait. I explain to her too. She clicks and says: â€Å"Na venye umetuamsha tukilala. Nkt.† Then she hangs up. I tell mister how he has made me worry people. He stifles laughter and tells me â€Å"It was just clothes that had fallen, you didn’t almost die†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Suddenly, I analyse the whole thing in my head and I find it kinda funny. I start laughing too. So we laugh~ â€Å"But I could have been surrounded by thugs. And you were not here†¦I tell him with a pout. He looks me in the eye, the kind that makes me blush, and he moves his face so close to mine till I can smell the distant whiff of alcohol in his breath hit me in the face. â€Å"Even if I was here, what could I have done†¦.† He asks, a playful smile on his face. And he moves his face even closer, till I feel the graze of his dry lips on mine†¦.