Morrisons Beloved: A Review :: essays research papers

Morrisons Beloved A ReviewEverything in a refreshful is there only because the author chooses it to bethere lineaments, plot devices, structure and pacing, tone, etc. all are waysin which the author says what he/she has to say. Morrison implements unalikecharacters and ideas to enhance the slavery of the time and its lastingaffects. While the story is of heartbreak there are various representations ofconcepts. Which can be seen through realism and the characters of Mr. Bodwin and pander Suggs.     Mr. Bodwin is a white abolitionist and has high hopes for blacks in thefuture. He sp cans the happiest years of his life struggling for emancipation ofblacks. Mr. Bodwin represents a time in history where slavery starts to comeinto question. People (white) started to realize this travesty and begin tospeak up and act towards the abolition of slavery. The abolitionists begin aprocess which will eventually end in the 60s where blacks will attain completefreedom. They begin a legacy of freedom fighters that will not stop till blacksreceive the right they so deserved. Future leaders of known fame will be MalcolmX and Martin Luther King which will carry on this battle begun by theabolitionists.Baby Suggs, is Halles niggle and Sethes mother - in - law, and is animportant character in the story in that she brings about many aspects of self-pride and versatility. Suggs lived through the "slavery" and came out of theordeal with strength of her character alone. Slavery at the time broke down theslaves making them have low self- esteem and low worth. But Suggs brings aboutthe part of resiliency that was needed to beat the "system." Her faith in Godand self makes her the prominent legacy. As she uprise above slavery so haveother individual rose above persecution and hardship across the years. Forinstance, World state of wars, Holocaust, and the depression to name a few.Morrison throughout Beloved offers realism of the times and consequ encesthat occurred with the slaves. Morrison paints a picture post -Civil War lifethat leaves many black people lost in America. Blacks after the civil Waremerged all across the randomness with no place to go. The South was in ruins inevery sense and the Black freed slaves were confused. They had been separatedfrom their families, lost any property they may have had, they wandered insearch of a advance life. Just because Slavery was abolished didnt mean all was

The Constant Struggle :: English Literature

The Constant StruggleTo be or not to be, that is the question. Indeed, this is thequestion Barbara constantly asks herself, whether or not she has to bea responsible mom to Jodie, or to try and have a life of her own. Inthe short story Over the Hill by Lynne Schwartz, Barbara is a singlemformer(a) struggling between the difficult tasks of being a mom and ofbeing a single adult. Barbara faces a dilemma that many other singleparents also faces, and that is their desire to date other peoplebecause they dont want to be a single parent for the rest of theirlives. However, her indebtedness as a single mom doesnt alwaysallow her to do that. As a result, Barbara is a responsible, funloving mother snap between her duty to her daughter and her need foradult companionship.Like many other single parents around the world, the income Barbaramakes is not always enough to take caution of her family. Consequently,being the responsible mom that she is, Barbara is taking a shortcourse, one night a w eek on bartending along with her friend Pat inhopes of having a supplementary source of money (pg 208). They thinkthat they could make a lot of money on the side doing bartending atfancy parties (pg 208). Barbara hopes that her income working as adraftsperson in an architects office in addition to the bartendingmoney she hopes on making will be enough to concur her family (pg208). Although Barbara thinks that under certain circumstancesabortion might be a good idea, she did not get an abortion when shewas pregnant with Jodie (pg 209). Why didnt she get an abortion?Barbara didnt get an abortion because she is a dependable person thattakes responsibilities for her own actions, even though she knows thather life would be utterly change when she becomes a singlemother. Although Barbara feels depressed at the end of the night whenshe thinks that James isnt coming over, she still plays her role asthe responsible mother and reminds Jodie that she should be going tobed, because she has a tooth doctor appointment tomorrow (pg 217). Bytrying to make more money, not getting an abortion when she waspregnant with Jodie, and reminding Jodie that she has a dentistappointment the next day even though shes depressed about James showsjust how dedicated and responsible Barbara is to being a mother.In addition to being a responsible mother, Barbara is also very funloving. She enjoys fooling around with shakers and glasses like kids

Controversy with Women and the Novel :: Free Essay Writer

Women and the Novel Novels on novelsshelves on shelves arise, of various merit, as of various size But good and bad, unaccented as they fall, A greedy host advance, and swallow all Like Egypts reptile race, they crowd their way, Nor rank nor age, nor place, their progress stay, They throng the gaudy mansions of the great they make out the poor pan in his humbler state nor in the proudest dome or meanest hovel, can human blood and flesh resist a novel (Ware) During the eighteenth century a new genre of reading came into existence novels. Novels were different from earlier prosefiction as they abandoned traditional structure (Kerber 236). Novels allowed readers to experience other peoples lives. Characters became authoritative people with real names who led lives much like those of their readers (Kerber 236). As books became more readily accessible novels became increasingly popular especially with women. This is where the problems began. A c leaning ladys responsibility (according to the patriarch society) was to the hometo raise her children to be good Christians and to be servile to her husband in all things. Some people began to sense of smell that reading distracted women from their duties. This is illustrated in the following poem. And see They mount the toilet of the fair, and seek and find an easy homage there. Domestick drudery can scarce advance its claims in competition with romance grumbling the brother or the husband goes and thus discovers, that romantick scenes are not the thing for ladies in their teens. Balls parties mean-times, are alike forgot forgetful Byron lies unread, and Walter Scott cares, duties, pleasures without notice pass And everything neglected, but the glass (Ware) There was a real fear that reading novels would disrupt the womans duties by giving them rancid ideas of life and particularly made women unsuited for and unhappy with the domestic role s for which society destined them (Nienkamp xiv).

Swirl of Colors :: essays papers

Swirl of ColorsSandra Cisneros has spent a lifetime trying to discover her ownliterary voice, only to be drowned out by the generally white and mostlywhite voices that she imitated but never identified with. The onlydaughter in a family with six sons, Cisneros was often theodd-woman-out-forever (Ganz 21) early on in life. It was not until shewas enrolled in the Iowa Writers Workshop that she finally discovered thather experience as a woman and a Chicana in a masculine dominated world was thevoice that was uniquely hers.Cisneros was influenced by her familys constant travels betweenMexico and Chicago. Cisneros never had the opportunity to make friendssince she was seldom in one place for very long, nor did she have allsisters to confide and identify with. When her family finally settled in asmall red house in Chicago, Cisneros had a home and a sense of permanencethat she had previously never known. But it was not the house she haddreamed of nor been promised by her father. She had always thought of ahouse with a green lawn, white lookout man fence, and a bathroom for everyperson. Instead she got a dilapidated bungalow in an impoverishedinner-city neighborhood. Cisneros described the house as an ugly littlehouse, lifelike red as if holding its breath (Ganz 22). It was this housethat inspired her first and most successful novel, The House on MangoStreet.Cisneros writing has been shaped by her experiences, which havegiven her a perspective and voice very different from traditional Americanwriters, such as Poe, Thoreau, and Emerson. These are the writers thathave helped comprise the literary cannon of the United States for nearlytwo hundred years. She has something to say that they do not know about.The House on Mango Street is an elegant literary piece, somewhere betweenfiction and poetry, that explores issues that are important to herfeminism, love, oppression, and religion (Mathias 4). In addition toaddressing these issues, Cisneros is also propelling Chi cana literatureinto the larger macrocosmic white male club that governs the United States(Lucero-Trujillo 621). One of the tools utilized by Cisneros to achievethese goals is the use of symbolism in her writing.The House on Mango Street reads more as poetry than as anarrative. This is accomplished through the liberal use of colorthroughout the vignettes. Nearly every passage in this book contains cite to color. Specifically then, it is the symbolic use of colorthat defines this novel. Even the title of the book brings to mind the

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and Teen Parents Essay ex

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and Tenn ParentsThe American Public never loved social welfare programs, but it did not unavoidably want them dismantled. In fact, by the early 1990s, nearly 50 percent of all households drew on government benefits from Food stamps to social security to owe interest tax deductions. To convince the public that it stood to gain from smaller government and weaker social programs, the make betterers had to undermine the longstanding belief that government should play a whacking role in society. Abramovitz (1996) suggest that Civil rights gains were called reverse discrimination and the victories of the womens and gay rights movement were seen as a threat to family values.Having set the st days, the welfare reformers began the storm on the welfare state by targeting AFDC, the most vulnerable and least popular welfare program. Drawing on social science theories that blamed pauperism on the values and behavior of the poor, the reformers put forward the belief that social problems stemmed from a culture of poverty that promoted defective values and deviant behavior.In 1996, Congress passed and the President signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (P.L. 104-93). It combined AFDC (Aid to Families w/Dependent Children) JOBS, and Emergency Assistance into obstruction grants of single capped entitlement to states and placed federal childcare funding into a separate block grant for Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). The new federal law known as TANF was implemented in most states within the year. Reflecting the work first approach, TANF placed a lifetime limit of five days on welfare eligibility. The new approach to welfare... ...Philadelphia, PA-Manlove, J. (1998) The influence of high school drop out and school disengagement on the risk of school age pregnancy, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 182-185 Mathews M. & Shelly, S. (1999) Turned away misinformed, a nd denied Teen parents experience in the welfare office. Youth law News, July, August 1999 Roseman, E. & Yoshikawa, H. (1999) Effects of welfare reform on children of adolescent mother, moderation by maternal depression, father involvement and grandmother involvement Women and Health 32, June 1999. Vallerand R., Fortier M. & Guay F. (2000) School motivation for teens. Journal of Education Today, declination 2000 Werthmeier, R. (1998). Childbearing by teens Links to welfare reform. The Urban Institute, Fall Report, 1998Zonker, L., (1997) Teenage pregnancy Situation and strategies. The Florida Nurse, June, 1997

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and Teen Parents Essay ex

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and Tenn ParentsThe American Public never loved social eudaemonia programs, but it did not necessarily want them dismantled. In fact, by the early 1990s, nearly 50 percent of all households drew on government benefits from Food stamps to social security to mortgage interest appraise deductions. To convince the public that it stood to gain from smaller government and weaker social programs, the reformers had to undermine the longstanding belief that government should play a large role in society. Abramovitz (1996) suggest that Civil rights gains were called reverse discrimination and the victories of the womens and gay rights movement were seen as a threat to family value.Having set the stage, the well-being reformers began the attack on the welfare state by targeting AFDC, the most vulnerable and least popular welfare program. Drawing on social science theories that blamed poverty on the values and behavior of the poor, the reformers put forward the belief that social problems stemmed from a culture of poverty that promoted defective values and deviant behavior.In 1996, Congress passed and the electric chair signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (P.L. 104-93). It combined AFDC (Aid to Families w/Dependent Children) JOBS, and Emergency Assistance into block grants of single lie entitlement to states and placed federal childcare funding into a separate block grant for Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). The new federal law cognise as TANF was implemented in most states within the year. Reflecting the work first approach, TANF placed a lifetime limit of five years on welfare eligibility. The new approach to welfare... ...Philadelphia, PA-Manlove, J. (1998) The influence of high school drop out and school disengagement on the risk of school age pregnancy, Journal of research on Adolescence, 8, 182-185 Mathews M. & Shelly, S. (1999) Turned away misinformed, a nd denied Teen parents experience in the welfare office. Youth law News, July, August 1999 Roseman, E. & Yoshikawa, H. (1999) Effects of welfare reform on children of insubstantial mother, moderation by maternal depression, father involvement and grandmother involvement Women and Health 32, June 1999. Vallerand R., Fortier M. & Guay F. (2000) School motivation for teens. Journal of Education Today, December 2000 Werthmeier, R. (1998). Childbearing by teens Links to welfare reform. The Urban Institute, Fall Report, 1998Zonker, L., (1997) Teenage pregnancy Situation and strategies. The Florida Nurse, June, 1997

Each Generation Has Something Valuable To Offer

Every generation is known to embody different beliefs. Older generations believe deeply in their culture virtually how a while is the breadwinner and the woman is the housewife. However, in this generation, everyone is equal and has the freedom and the rights to do as they wish. The aged generations also believed strongly in religion by worshiping and praying. But, the current generation seems to be adapting atheism due to the development in knowledge and understanding of things better. My parents believe that full pointing home is a pleasant thing however my generation assumes that having a loving vivification is an important aspect.Back in my parents days, social life existed in form of dinners and functions with otherwise families. But these days people like to party and dance. Talking about freedom, parents always try to prevent kids from travelling and exploring new things. This generation finds exposure to new things a way to gain knowledge and experience such as People t hese days like to visit various places to explore comparing to older generations that dedicated their life to one place. People change at a considerable rate over time, and this pattern continues as new ideas and generation approach.Lifestyle has experienced a whole new level of technological advancements that has changed our daily lifestyle. chat system has experienced a new transformation. A century ago, people used mail, telephones that took a fair amount of time to get the message through, just now now things such as texting, social networking have made life very straightforward. Technology has advanced expeditiously that we can see each(prenominal) other from different parts of the world with devices such as a webcam. The idea of virtual life has been introduced with the invention of consoles such as the Ps3, Xbox.The world has developed so much with things such as the internet where you can find anything or buy anything with the click of a button. Comparing that to older ti mes where you went to far past towns after months to get a few items just sounds ridiculous and shocking. In conclusion, technology has changed the way people live and will continue to do so with the development of new ideas. The values and ethics from the past generations usually provide a better understanding of life compared to todays. Culture and family can only be taught by someone that has experience and can share with the current generation such as our parents.Each generation has a valuable belief and is beneficial to each differently such as Experiencing the outside world may provide better understanding for one, but the other may find it better to stay home and acknowledge things. Each generation also has loopholes that are unacceptable such as the comparison of men and women and also teenagers drinking & partying to be a part of their society. Values are not just important things that are meant for people to be followed and respected. Values show how one discovers the rea l himself and live their life by going through the stages of beliefs and lifestyle.

The Effect of Marijuana Legalization in Colorado and Washington on the Global Economy

The Effect of cannabis Legalization in Colorado and uppercase on the Global Economy Marijuana has been one of the roughly highly debated topics for years, legion(predicate) people dont understand the reasoning for its prohibition and early(a)s stand strong on their beliefs that it should not under any circumstances be legalized. some(prenominal) your opinion is on the subject in the most recent election two states- Colorado and Washington both legalized the do drugs for recreational use and this has caused major(ip) debates and will have a major impact on the global economy.As someone from Colorado, this subject has come up many times so I figured Id do a little research on it and see the real implications of this law. The Mexi tooshie drug cartel is one of the largest outlaw(a) drug importation operations in the world, making billions of dollars annually trafficking drugs across the border into the United States and around a quarter of their profit is from Marijuana. Colorado and Washington be both relatively far from the Mexican American border but there is still a significant amount of import into these states.The occurrence that this drug is now legal means that the cartel will lose millions if not billions of dollars which as a result will commit the cartel smaller. No one can complain about this but the only problem is that now they will have to rely on other, more dangerous drugs, to make a profit. The Mexican government realizes this issue but they also realize that with marijuana being legal they can make the money, which would have otherwise at rest(p) to the cartel through the legal import of the drug.The only problem is that under federal law cannabis is still illegal and so as a result so is the importation of it. If this law changes which is highly likely the Mexican government will have a major source of revenue that they can capitalize on. The trend is indicating that total legalization will be happening in the near future. Many Sou th American countries, which have been hesitant in the past to pass any laws concerning cannabis, have since reconsidered as a result of the legalization in the two American states.Countries such as Argentina and Uruguay are looking into changing their laws as they see the potential revenue that can come as a result of legalization. Most experts believe that the southern most countries will legalize the drug first and then move north, this trend will continue until all of the Americas have legalized it and will possibly move to other parts of the world. The impact of the vote in Colorado and Washington has reached much further than just the United States the voters in these states probably didnt know the wide implication of their decision.Regardless this is a major topic of discussion and could quite possibly change the world depending on what happens. People say that marijuana is the gateway drug and this could be more true than ever with these laws being passed they will open a g ateway into a whole new realm of economic possibilities and trade wind opportunities. Work Cited Thomson, Adam. Marijuana Mexicos Latest Export to the US? Ft. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013. . Khazan, Olga. How Marijuana Legalization Will Affect Mexicos Cartels, in Charts. Http//www. washingtonpost. com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/09/how-marijuana-legalization-will-affect-mexicos-cartels-in-charts/. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 Feb. 2013. Johnson, Tim. U. S. Marijuana Vote May Have Snowball Effect in Latin America. The Seattle Times. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013. . Graham, Dave. Ally of Mexicos Pena Nieto Backs Export of Marijuana. Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 08 Nov. 2012. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.

Family Systems and Healthy Development Essay

Healthy development is generally understood as the progressive physical, emotional, cognitive and social maturation that takes prepare in a persons life from conception onwards into adulthood. This process is further influenced by a continuous whirlwind of biological and environmental factors. Of the many environmental factors that an individual encounters over the course of the life span, it is clear to see family remainss play a signifi empennaget role and can be extremely impactful on the developmental process. To gain a better understanding of the impact of family on healthy development, it is worthwhile to consider the various family structures that exist in our culture. The portrait of the family in todays society is no longer rigidly defined by marriage, which is characterized by a two parent household with children rather at that place are increasing numbers of single parents, teen parents, divorced parents and same-sex couple parents. Sometimes we forget the great varie ty of forms, not only of the families living amongst us, entirely also those presented in scripture.There are single person families like Mary, Martha, and their brother Lazarus. There are families experiencing difficulties like Joseph and his brothers, or broken families seeking brand-new life like Naomi and Ruth (Way, 2003). Of the various forms that the family structure can take, one consistent factor that is crucial for the facilitation of healthy development is family stability. Parental mental competence, stable-loving caregivers, authoritative or negative parenting are all factors that contribute to the establishment of the stability of the family unit. The home environment is arguably one of the most important facets of an individuals childhood growth and development. When there is structure and stability children tend to inflate and are more self-aware and assertive, versus when there is little to no stability the inverse effect can be expected to occur. When disruptio ns in the stability of the family environment occur, youths ability to develop adequateself-control skills may be compromised, leading to both internalizing and externalizing problems (Malatras & Israel, 2013).Though there are notable differences in the childrearing practices around the world there are marked similarities that exist in the context of determining a healthy family unit. It is helpful to consider socioeconomic status, parental contributions and involvement, sibling relationships, family history and cultural norms when trying to determine the overall health of a family constitution. Factors such as warmth, emotional availability, routine activities such as predictable bed or mealtime activities, religious observances and communication are of considerable importance when evaluating the health of a family system in the Western culture. However in other cultures such as the Caribbean there is less emphasis placed on the feelings of warmth and emotional connections and mo re on discipline, control and behavior management. Children in the Caribbean are expected to perform adult responsibilities at a much earlier age than their American counterparts.For eccentric in a study conducted on child health in Jamaica at the age of four or five, children of both sexes begin doing household chores such as sweeping, mopping, floor polishing, and caring for younger children (Sargent & Harris, 1992). Children are also expected to complete tasks such as cooking and laundry as early as the age of seven. Within the constraints of cultural norms, one can say that a healthy family system is one in which the developing child can thrive physically and emotionally and is on track to becoming a functional member of that society. In the same way that a healthy family system can assist an individual in becoming self-sufficient and aware there are negative impacts that can occur when there are breakdowns in the human foot of the family.For example in families where psycholo gical maltreatment takes place, the effects can be detrimental to the child who as a result may suffer from number 1 self-esteem, lying, misbehavior, and underachievement in school. The impact of abuse on brain development is also profound and has been linked to a reduction in the size of the amygdala and genus Hippocampus later on in adulthood. It is also noted that the fear, terror and stress associated with abuse may also produce permanent changes due to the overstimulation of the limbic system (Feldman, 2014).In conclusion, one can clearly see the vast significance that the role offamily plays in the physical, spiritual, social and cognitive development of an individual. The family unit is the training intellect for life in the world at large and its impact can be either positive or negative. However there are some(prenominal) other factors at work in determining how an individual will handle their life regardless of the cards that they are dealt. For instance a child who gro ws up in a home where he has been the victim of psychological maltreatment may still have a chance at beingness a fully functional and contributing member of society due to his resilience and ability to traverse difficult circumstances. Likewise some children who are habituated all the tools for success, emotional stability and great family environment may still make bad decisions later on in life. The research is unprecedented in its support that healthy family systems, regardless of cultural norms facilitate the production of healthy independent adults who are able to thrive in the society of their upbringing.ReferencesFeldman, R. S. (2014). Development across the life span (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson. Malatras, J. W. and Israel, A. C. (2013), The Influence of Family Stability on Self-Control and Adjustment. J. Clin. Psychol., 69 661670. doi 10.1002/jclp.21935. Sargent, C., & Harris, M. (1992). Gender ideology, childrearing, and child health in Jamaica. American E thnologist, 19(3), 523-537. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/645199. Way, P. (2003). Family systems. The Clergy Journal, 80(1), 14-15. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/230514795?accountid=12085.

Physics Preliminary Course Overview

Physics Preliminary 8. 2 The World Communicates 1. The roll model post be use to explain how authorized technologies expatriation information 1. run the brawniness transformations required in one of the following Mobile telephone auto fiber/modem Radio and television A. An verve transformation is a re turn tail in the fictional character of postcode, for example a change from sound energy to electromag give the axeic waves.Relating this to the agile telephone, it undergoes basic energy transformations of, sound wave (your voice), to galvanical energy (in the wires inside the phone), to electrocharismatic waves (from the phone to the tower), to galvanizingal energy (at the tower), and so to electromag meshworkic waves (to reach the receiving phone), then electrical energy (inside the receiving phone), then to sound waves (at the speaker of the receiving phone) 2. Describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, cardinal or three dimensions, dep completioning on the nature of the wave and the long suit A.Waves carry energy and sometimes they require a forte and sometimes they dont. optical maser lights atomic number 18 an example of a 1 Dimensional wave, water waves are an example of a 2D wave while an example of 3D waves is a sound wave 3. tell that mechanical waves require a mass medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not A. Mechanical waves, such as sound waves, water waves and earthquake waves need a medium (a substance) to pass away finished and through and through, they natesnot move from one imply to another if on that lead is nothing (a vacuum) between the both level offs.On the other consecrate electromagnetic waves do not need a medium to travel through. An example of this is in space, which is a vacuum, if you c alone out in space your sound waves do not penetrate out of your space suit. However electromagnetic waves do, therefore you stinkpot see the light from the sun. Even s impler, in space you can see a planet explode, but you cannot hear it. 4. Define and apply the following borders to the wave model medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength, and fastness A.Mechanical Waves The group of waves that required a medium for transmission, e. g. sound waves Electromagnetic Waves The group of waves that do not require a medium for transmission i. e. ultraviolet illumination light, visible light etc. They all travel at the identical run in a vacuum, which is the speed of light. Transverse Waves Waves in which the particles oscillate at right cant overs to the direction of cause of the wave, e. g. surface water waves. Direction of Propagation The direction of execution of a waveLongitudinal Waves Waves in which the particles oscillate analogue to the direction of motion of the wave e. g. sound. boundaryic Waves Wave disturbance that repeat themselves at regular intervals. Compressions Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particle are close together. The point where the medium has a maximum density Rarefactions Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart. The point where the medium has a minimum density. Crest The point of a wave where the particles of the medium gestate a maximum displacement upwards or in a positive direction.Trough The point of a wave where the particles of the medium defy a maximum displacement downwards or in a oppose direction Amplitude The maximum displacement of the particles of a medium from their rest position Wavefront An imaginary line joining any group of adjacent particles that are in a phase with each other. Wavelength The aloofness between any dickens corresponding points of a wave Frequency the number of waves that pass a point in one second Period Number of crest passages per whole time. 5. Describe the affinity between particle motion and the direction of energy p ropagation in transverse and longitudinal waves A.Particles in the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the motion of transverse wave. Particles in the medium move in a direction of parallel to the motion of longitudinal waves 6. Quantify the relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength for a wave A. V=fw (v=velocity, f= frequency, w=wavelength) 2. Features of a wave model can be utilise to depict for the properties of sound 1. Identify that sound waves are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium A. Sound is a longitudinal wave that requires a medium to travel through.As compressions and expansions (or rarefactions) of particles that make up the medium, sound is a vibration of the medium. 2. Relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the crests and troughs of transverse waves used to repre displace them A. Compressions Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particle are close together. The point where the medium has a maximum density Rar efactions Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart. The point where the medium has a minimum density. Crest The point of a wave where the particles of the medium have a maximum displacement upwards or in a positive direction.Trough The point of a wave where the particles of the medium have a maximum displacement downwards or in a negative direction 3. excuse qualitatively that pitch is link up to frequency and volume to amplitude of sound waves A. Frequency is the number of waves that pass a point in one second while the pitch is related to the number of vibrations per second. The pitch of a sound relates to the frequency of the sound emitted while the amplitude relates to the volume of that sound. E. g. if you have a high amplitude you leave have a loud sound.When the frequency increases so does the pitch. 4. excuse an echo as a reflection of a sound wave A. An echo occurs when a sound wave is reflected off a surface and returns to the source. 5. Descri be the principle of superposition and compare the resulting waves to the original waves in sound A. When two separate waves meet they can be added to or subtracted to make a new wave. An example of this with sound waves is, if you have one soulfulness shout, and then you get two people to shout, each at the same volume as the first person, the resulting volume will be the sum of the two volumes. . Recent technological developments have allowed greater use of the electromagnetic spectrum 1. Describe electromagnetic waves in terms of their speed in space and their lack of necessary of a medium for propagation A. Electromagnetic waves do not need a medium to travel through because electromagnetic waves do not shiver particles so they dont need a vaccum. In space (a vacuum) electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, a constant fitted to 2. Identify the electromagnetic wavebands filtered out by the atmosphere, especially UV, X-rays and gamma rays A.The Earths atmosphere pro vides a protective shield from harmful electromagnetic radiation. Fortunately this factor of the EM spectrum (UV rays, X-rays and Gamma rays) is filtered by the Earths atmosphere. Earths atmosphere filters out most of the electromagnetic waves except for visible light and communicate set waves. 3. Identify methods for the detection of various wavebands in the electromagnetic spectrum A. Radio waves are detected with radio receivers that are connected to aerials. Microwaves are detected with piezoelectric crystals. ocular light is detected by photoelectric cells. 4.Explain that the relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and distance from a source is an example of the inverse even up righteousness A. The strength of a signal is proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that signal. This means that at twice the distance the signal has 1? 4 of its original strength. 5. chalk out how the modulation of amplitude or frequency of visibl e light, microwaves and/or radio waves can be used to transmit information A. transition is the process of conveying a message signal inside another signal that can be physically transmitted.With amplitude modulation (AM), the amplitude or strength of the carrier signal is varied, which corresponds to changes in the sound, while its frequency remains constant. With frequency modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier wave is altered according to changes in sound while the amplitude remains constant. 6. Discuss problems produced by the particular range of the electromagnetic spectrum available for communication purposes A. There is only a limited range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that can be used for communication purposes. 4.Many communication technologies use applications of reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves 1. Describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of reflection from a plane surface on waves A. Reflection is the bou ncing of a wave when it hits a surface or obstacle. Reflections of all types of waves follow the law of reflection. Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection The law of reflection states that the burthen of the incident wave must compeer the weight down of the reflected wave and the incident wave and the reflected wave must lie in the same plane.It is important to remember that the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection is careful from the normal. The normal is perpendicular to the plane of reflection (e. g. a mirror). 2. Describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and microwaves have assisted in information transfer A. Reflection of light is used fibre optics and in CDs. Fibre optics allow for massive adds of information transfer. Reflection of radio waves are utilised when radio waves are reflected off the ionosphere. Television and radio use this reflection to transfer information. . Describe one application of reflection for each of the fo llowing Plane surfaces umbilicate surfaces Convex surfaces Radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere A. Reflection on a plane surface is used in applications such as, CD-ROM, where the laser beam is all reflected of the CD or not. Reflection of convex surfaces is used in security mirrors, where it widens the scope of view. Reflection of concave surfaces is used in torches, where the rays of light travelling backward are projected forward, for more brightness. It is also used in satellite dishes.The ionosphere reflects a percentage of radio waves sent up, back towards earth. This allows for entropy to be sent through the radio waves over long distances. 4. Explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a wavefront A. Refraction is the bending of light as it changes speed upon entering a medium with different optical density. 5. Define refr progressive index in terms of changes in the ve locity of a wave in passing from one medium to another A. The refractive index of a medium is the change in velocity of a wave from one medium to another.Therefore refractive index is related to the speed of a wave in that medium 6. Define Snells Law A. 7. Identify the conditions necessary for total internal reflection with reference to the critical angle A. The critical angle is the angle of incidence, which forms an angle of refraction at 90. If the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle then you will have normal refraction, and if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle then you will have total internal reflection. 8. Outline how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres A.Optical fibres work by having one medium coated by another medium with a lower refractive index. The angle that enters this is greater than the critical angle so therefore the ray of light bounces around inside and travels from one end to another, never exiting the fibre. Therefore a light ray can travel through the wire. The ray of light never has an angle of incidence of less than the critical angle, so the ray never escapes the optical fibre. 5. Electromagnetic waves have potence for future communication technologies and data storage technologies 1.Identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in digital form A. Digital data is data that can be defined by numbers. Examples of digital communication include fax, Internet, telephone calls, etc 8. 3 Electrical Energy in the Home 1. Society has release increasingly domestic energy dependent on electrical energy over the last 200 year 1. Discuss how the main sources of domestic energy have changed over time A. The first main source of domestic energy used by humans was fire, through wood, and then came domesticated animals, wind and water, ember, coal gas, electricity, fuel oils, solar and lastly nuclear energy.These have developed from the start of human existence to now. 2. Ass ess some of the impacts of changes in, and increased access to, sources of energy for a community -More pollution -More demand for electrical energy -More electrical devices -Increased demand for energy 3. Discuss some of the ways in which electricity can be provided in remote locations Alternative power sources can be used, such as solar or wind. 2. adept of the main advantages of electricity is that is can be moved with comparative ease from one place to another through electric turns . Describe the behaviour of electrostatic charges and the properties of the palm associated with them A. An object becomes electrostatically superaerated when there is either a deficiency or excess of electrons. The two types of charge are called positive charge and negative charge. Electrostatic charges cause charged particles to move of change direction. Electrostatic charges create a field of charge. An electric field is a region in which a charged particle will experience a multitude. 2. Def ine the unit of electric charge as the coulomb. A.The SI unit of charge is the coulomb (C). A charge of 1 C is equal to the charge provided by 6. 25 x 10 (to the power of 18) electrons. This gives a charge of -1. 6 x 10 (-19 power) C for one electron. One coulomb is defined as the amount of charge that passes a point when a latest of one ampere flows for one second. 3. Define the electric field as a field of force with a field strength equal to the force per unit charge at that point 4. Define electric flowing as the rate at which charge flows (coulombs/ second or amperes) under the influence of an electric field A.Electric stream is defined as the amount of electric charge flowing past a devoted point in a given time interval. The SI unit of electric current is coulombs per second (C. s-1) or ampere (A), 1 amp is equal to 1 coulomb of charge passing a given point in 1 second. Conventional current runs from + to -. The electron movement is in the opposite direction of conventiona l current. 5. identify that current can be either direct with the net flow of charge carriers moving in one direction or alternating with the charge carriers moving backwards and forwards periodically A. AC current involves the oscillation of electrons due to an electric field that is constantly changing direction. Most generators produce alternating current by means of a coil rotating in a magnetic field. With DC current flow, the electrons in a wire have an overall flow in only one direction. This is the method used in batteries, torches, portable radios, lights in cars, and toys. 6. Describe electric potential deflexion (voltage) between two points as the change in potential energy per unit charge moving from one point to the other (joules/coulomb or volts). A. 7.Discuss how potential difference changes at different points around a DC circuit A. Voltage or potential difference is defined as the change in energy when one unit of charge is moved from one point to another or the w ork done to move one unit of charge from one point to another. Decreases as it move around the circuit. 8. Identify the difference between conductors and insulators A. -A conductor is a substance in which there are free charged particles and so a charge is able to flow through it. -An insulator is a substance in which free charged particles are limited and so a charge is not able to flow through it. . Define resistance as the ratio of voltage to current for a particular conductor 10. Describe qualitatively how each of the following affects the movement of electricity through a conductor A. Length The longer the material the higher the resistance is. Cross sectional plain The larger the cross sectional area the lower the resistance is. So the thicker the wire then lower the resistance. Temperature The higher the temperature of a material, the higher the resistance is. Material Different materials have different resistances. This is called the resistor of that material. . Series and parallel circuits serve different purposes in households 1. Identify the difference between series and parallel circuits A. A Parallel circuit is a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit. A series is a circuit having its parts connected serially Advantages of using parallel circuitry over series circuitry in household wiring include You can have some devices on and others off at the same time. If one device fails the others still work. All devices receive the highest possible voltage. 2.Compare parallel and series circuits in terms of voltage across components and current through them A. In a parallel circuit the voltage is the same throughout the whole circuit while the current is divided between evenly throughout the circuit. In a series circuit the current is the same throughout the circuit while the voltage is divided evenly through the components of the circuit. 3. Identify uses of ammeters and vo ltmeters A. Ammeters are used to measure current. Voltmeters are used to measure voltage. To measure the voltage of a component the voltmeter is placed in parallel with the component.To measure the current passing through a component, the ammeter is placed in series with the component. When an ammeters work best if they have a low resistance. And voltmeters work best if they have a high resistance. 4. Explain wherefore ammeters and voltmeters are connected differently in a circuit A. Voltage is sometimes called potential difference. So it is measuring the difference between two points, so is must be placed in parallel so that it can measure the difference between before and after that component. Current is a measure of the rate at which charge flows, and therefore must be connected in series.Ammeters have a low resistance. 5. Explain why there are different circuits for lighting, heating and other appliances in a house A. Because if they were all on the same circuit there would not be adequate power to run all the appliances so they are spread out on several circuits so there is enough power. 4. The amount of power is related to the rate at which energy is transformed 1. Explain that power is the rate at which energy is transformed from one form to another A. Power is the term used to describe how quickly energy (otherwise known as work) is transformed from one form to another, or transmitted from one point to another. . Identify the relationship between power, potential difference and current A. 3. Identify that the total amount of energy used depends on the length of time the current is flowing and can be calculated using Energy = VIt A. Energy = Voltage ? Current ? Time Energy = Power ? Time Energy is measured in joules (J). 4. Explain why the kilowatt-hour is used to measure electrical energy consumption rather than the joule A. 1 kWh is 1 kW every hour. The kWh is used to measure energy consumption. 5. Electric currents also produce magnetic palm an d these fields are used in different devices in the home . Describe the behaviour of the magnetic gats of bar magnets when they are brought close together A. Magnetic fields are from north to southbound. When two bar magnets are brought close together the magnetic fields around their poles will produce a force between the two magnets. If two like poles (north pole and north pole OR south pole and south pole) are brought close together they will repel each other while if two unlike poles (a north pole and a south pole) are brought close together they will attract each other. Like poles repel Unlike poles attract. 2.Define the direction of the magnetic field at a point as the direction of force on a very small north magnetic pole when placed at that point A. The direction of a magnetic field at any point is defined as the direction the north pole of a compass would indicate at that point. 3. Describe the magnetic field around pairs of magnetic poles A. The magnetic field around pair s of magnetic poles is best described by describing the lines of magnetic flux. Lines of flux are say from the north pole to the south pole and never cross. In a strong magnetic field they are close together while in a weak magnetic field they are well apart. . Describe the cropion of a magnetic field by an electric current in a straight current carrying conductor and describe how the right hand grip rule can determine the direction of current and field lines A. When current is passed through a conductor, a magnetic field is created around it. The direction of the magnetic field can be found using the right hand rule. Point your right hand thumb in the direction of the current and the direction of your fingers is the direction of the magnetic field. 5. Compare the nature and generation of magnetic fields by solenoids and a bar magnet A. A solenoid is coil of wire.When a current is passed though a solenoid, a magnetic field similar to that of a bar magnet is produced. 6. Safety dev ices are important in household circuit 1. Discuss the dangers of an electric shock from both a 240volt AC mains go forth and various DC voltages, from appliances, on the muscles of the body A. There are several dangers when the muscles of the body are exposed to electric shocks. These are Pain receptors are unremarkably activated. Involuntary contraction of the muscles usually means that the person will not be able to let go of the power source. The heart is stunned and goes into fibrillation. foul burns are inevitable. Instant death often occurs. 2. Describe the functions of circuit breakers, fuses, earthing, double insulation and other rubber eraser devices in the home A. Double Insulating flora by wrapping or encasing the electric components of an appliance with insulating material The insulating property of these materials sets up a physical barrier to prevent the flow of electricity from the electric appliance to its user. A fuse is a short piece of an alloy of lead and tin, connected in series with the devices that it controls. The fuse is designed to melt when the current passing through it exceeds its threshold value. Circuit Breakers breaks the circuit when the current passing through it exceeds the threshold value by mechanical means The active and neutral wires are connected to the functional electric unit of the appliance to deliver electricity. The earth wire is attached to the case of the appliance, which is made of metal. 8. 4 mournful About 1. Vehicles do not typically travel at a constant speed 1. Identify that a typical journey involves speed change A. Motion occurs when an object changes its position relative to other objects or within some orchestrate system.A frame of reference is an object or a coordinate system that can be used to describe or compare motions. At the start of a journey your speed is 0 by the end of the journey you would have had to stop at traffic lights go up and down hills and e. g. 2. Distinguish between the instantaneous and average speed of vehicles and other bodies A. comely Speed Is your total distance taken by the time it took you to go that distance. Instantaneous Speed is the speed that you are travelling at any given instant 3. Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities in equations A. Scalar uantites have a magnitude but no direction examples include distance, speed and time. Vector quantities have a magnitude and a direction. Examples include velocity, force and displacement 4. Compare instantaneous and average speed with instantaneous and average velocity A. Instantaneous speed is a scalar quantity, on the other hand instantaneous velocity is a vector quantity. Average speed is also a scalar quantity and average velocity is a vector quantity. Average speed takes into account your whole journey, where as average velocity only takes into account the starting and ending points. 5. Define average velocity asA. 2. An analysis of the external forces on vehicles helps t o understand the effectuate of acceleration and deceleration 1. Describe the motion of one body relative to another A. Motion occurs when an object changes its position relative to other objects or within some coordinate system. e. g. You are observation Coyote chase Road Runner. Road Runners velocity is 17 m. s east and Coyotes velocity is 15 m. s east. Road Runners velocity RELATIVE to you is 17 m. s east. Road Runners velocity RELATIVE to Coyote is 2 m. s east. 2. Identify the usefulness of using vector diagrams to assist solving problems A.Vector diagrams are used to add vectors, to learn the resultant vector. This can be used to find the net force on an object from many smaller forces. Addition of vectors is also used to find total displacement 3. Explain the need for a net external force to act in order to change the velocity of an object A. An object remains at rest, or in resembling motion in a straight line unless acted on by an external force. This is also known as the law of inertia. It basically means that a moving object will travel in a straight line at a constant velocity until an external unbalanced force acts pon the object. 4. Describe the actions that must be taken for a vehicle to change direction, speed up and slow down A. As stated by nitrogens 1st law of motion, in order to change a vehicles direction or speed, you need an external force, to act on the vehicle. However on earth there is, gravity, air resistance and friction to slow a car down, and trust from the engine and friction with the ground and the tyres to speed up a car. 5. Describe the typical effects of external forces on bodies including Friction between surfaces bearing resistance A.Friction examples are constantly seen throughout a normal daylight and it normally slows you down or helps change direction 6. Define average acceleration as A. 7. Define the terms mass and weight with reference to the effects of gravity A. Mass is the amount of matter in a body whereas w eight is the force due to gravity acting on that mass. Weight is equal to mass times force due to gravity, which on earth is 9. 8 m. s. This is an extension of newtons 2nd law of motion. F=ma 8. Outline the forces involved in causing a change in the velocity of a vehicle when Coasting with no pressure on the accelerator Pressing on the accelerator Pressing on the brakes Passing over an icy patch on the road Climbing and descending hills Following a sheer in the road A. 9. Interpret nitrogens Second Law of Motion and relate it to the equation A. The net force of an object is equal to the produce of its mass and its acceleration in the direction of the force. 10. Identify the net force in a wide variety of situations involving modes of transport and explain the consequences of the application of that net force in terms of Newtons Second Law of Motion A. Net force is defined as the vector sum of all forces.The net force is the resultant force of all individual forces acting on an object at that time. If the net force is zero, then the forces acting are described as balanced. The object will obey Newtons first law of motion, that is, it will either last out to move at a constant velocity or remain stationary. If the net force is not a zero value, it is described as an unbalanced force. In this case, the object follows Newtons second law of motion and acceleration will result. 3. Moving vehicles have kinetic energy and energy transformations are an important aspect in understanding motion . Identify that a moving object possesses kinetic energy and that work done on that object can increase that energy 2. Describe the energy transformations that occur in collisions Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in elastic materials as the result of their stretching or compressing. In an elastic collision, the EK after the collision is equal to the kinetic energy before the collision. Inelastic collisions result in the transformation of energy into other for ms. It is usually bemused to the surroundings in the form of heat or sound and is no longer in a useful form. . Define the law of conservation of energy Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transferred from one body to another or transformed from one type to another. 4. Change of momentum relates to the forces acting on the vehicle or the driver 1. Define momentum as Momentum is a measure of an objects tendency to move in a straight line with constant speed. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity p ? mv 2. Define impulse as the product of force and time Impulse is force applied over a period of time Impulse = Force (Times) Time 3.Explain why momentum is conserve in collisions in terms of Newtons Third Law of motion In any collision, the total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision 5. Safety devices are utilised to reduce the effects of changing momentum 1. Define the inertia of a vehicle as its tendency to remain in uniform motion or at rest The inertia of a vehicle is its tendency to remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an external force. That is why when you crash a vehicle into a wall, it will continue to collide and squash into the wall instead of just stopping.This is also why a passenger in a vehicle continues to go forward when the breaks of a vehicle are applied. Because the car may have forces slowing it down but the passenger has a tendency to continue forward 2. Discuss reasons why Newtons First Law of Motion is not apparent in many real world situations There is always some type of friction that will oppose motion. Whether it is air resistance or friction between the object and the surface it travels on, it is impossible to completely eliminate friction. This is why objects do not remain in uniform motion. 3.Assess the reasons for the introduction of low speed zones in built-up areas and the addition of air bags and crumple zones to vehicles with respect to the con cepts of impulse and momentum Air Bags and Crumple Zones both increase the stopping distance of a vehicle. Relating back to Impulse = Force ? Distance, If the distance is increased, the force is lower, this reduces the forces put on an the vehicle, and the occupants inside it. minuscule Speed zones are in place because, the slower your velocity, the less momentum you have and the faster you can stop 4. Evaluate the effectiveness of some safety features of motor vehicles 8. 5 The Cosmic Engine

Proposal for a Halfway House from the Program Director

For a Director of a course of studyme, it is essential to come up with an effective plan or function. Hence, a clear presentation of the program and justification for its creation and retention is significant for the proposal to be considered. This paper is written from the perspective of a Program Director who suggests the establishment and retention of a middle(prenominal) offer Program for California County Probation segment. In doing so, the Program Director entrust discuss several factors for the carrying show up of the program such(prenominal) as the need to invalidate the Countys operating(a) budget which eventual(prenominal)ly results into the loss of a number of personnel office.Proposal for a Halfway House from the Program Director The programs and goods of any County Probation Department ar subjected to many factors and considerations which may lead into beneficial of harmful implications. Hence, efforts to hold the retention and championing of the objectives of a particular program such as the operation of center(a) augury services atomic number 18 not sp ared from several hindrances. Operating budget and personnel are two major components which spell the success or affliction of a central house program.Working as a residential center type, which temporarily accommodates people who have been released after treatment or rehabilitation from drug dependency, mental illness and incarceration, halfway house serves as the middle house before such people are eventually reintegrated into the society. Such nature, therefore, exemplified the undeniable significance of a halfway house program for a County Probation Department. Taking this into consideration, operating and maintaining such service will be difficult especially when problems such as budget and workforce set in.It is in this light that a clear presentation and discussion about halfway house service, such as its features, the habitual it serves, its history, its value and the reason for its retention, are entrusted in me as Program Director of the California County Probation Department. In particular, the Special Projects Group, which I am in charge, will ab initio address and perform the task of reducing the operating budget of the California County Probation Department by 20 share.In doing so, however, we have come to check that 85 percent of the department budget is allotted to its personnel or manpower. Thus, cutting the department budget will mean the loss of approximately 200 officers and support staff. patch it is inevitable to undertake budget and personnel reduction, it is ultimately imperative for me as the Program Director to justify with the Chief of California County Probation Department the need to support the creation of halfway house service or program.This is because the prison body has now acknowledged the importance, benefits and value of such program. Its purpose of serving as the halfway accommodation for people who tend avoid relapse and to eventually reintegrate into the mainstream society is, in fact, equally important as far as the destination of operating and maintaining a county probation department. One way to achieve the halfway house service is not only by reducing the overall budget of the county provided also through trimming down an obviously bloated workforce.In fact, it is through reduction of operating budget and eventually suppression of oversized personnel will the County realize that the establishment of halfway house program is feasible, better and more productive than sustaining an over budgeted and over-staffed County. Since obstacles such as the ones facing the California County Probation Department should, in no way, pose a threat into the creation of halfway house program, the reduction by 20 percent of the Departments operating budget and close importantly the creation and eventual retention of the proposed halfway house plan is highly recommended by the Program Director.Half way House Program, a Plan Overview By its features, a halfway house is a society-based housing provision for criminals and even those who suffered physical and mental disorders who, after their respective imprisonment and treatment period, are technically excuse carrying out a part of their prison terms and rehabilitation cycles guidelines (Halfway House, 2001). However, the difference between a County Probation Department or related institutions is the fact that the subjects are this sentence being managed in a community with less restriction but nonetheless are still required to adhere to the services guidelines (Halfway House, 2001).Aside from the provision of round-the-clock management as well as a wide-ranging guidance and support to lawbreakers or former(a)s who underwent psychological and physical treatments, the activities at bottom a halfway house are designed to pave the way for its tenants to continue studying, hunting for job working while completing their required l ayover in the service (Halfway House, 2001). Similar to residential community program, halfway house is an ongoing corrective program or service wherein the offenders complete their prison terms, experience their steady recuperation until being fully released to the society.Hence, it serves its dual purpose of providing the required treatment and housing services while at the same time offering a chance for its residents to be conscious and engage in various activities within the program and the community they will service once they leave the halfway house. This is because a halfway house forms an essential link between the care provided by the rehabilitation or care provided by the prison formation and related institutions and the opportunities offered by the mainstream society (Halfway House, 2001).Reduction of 20% County Budget, the Task Presented with the mission to cut the budget of California County Probation Department by 20 percent, I, being the Program Director recommends the planned reduction of the departments operating cost based on the fact that 85 percent of the annual budget pertains to personnel allocation. This, therefore, necessitates that the streamlining should be focus on the retrenchment of personnel which is based on certain conditions and factual basis.Since the department has a personnel plantilla of more than 1,000 officers and staffincluding 700 sworn officers of various ranks, the retrenchment would necessarily mean the phasing out of 200 plantilla items or so much thereof that shall exactly mean the equivalent of 20 percent of its total operating cost estimated at about $600 million annually. In specific figures, the plan should correspond to the trimming down of the present budget to only $480 million kickoff next year.With the full knowledge of prevailing conditions and other factual basis such as statistics on primary concerns as daily average state of probation facilities and theaverage stay of those confined thereat, it is important that the reduction program shall proceed using quantifiable ratios in order to have it be implemented in the most judicious manner. Considering existing conditions in the department, procedures must be observed in the process of identifying who will be the 200 officials and support staff who will be covered by the retrenchment. In doing so, there should be provision of benefit packages and incentives for those to be affected by the retrenchment, including special incentives for those who willvoluntarily strike off or resign under this retrenchment policy or program.An option to voluntarily resign should also be offered to those affected personnel and when all procedures and arrangement are laid out, retrenchment will proceed Hence, the reduction of the Countys 20 percent budget which is synonymous to a significant impact to the personnel is planned to be carried out in a manner that benefit packages and incentive schemes for voluntary retirement and resignations must be attractive enough to get on a good number of personnel to avail of it and thereby make theretrenchment process less painful.The reduction in the budget and its effect, through retrenchment, in the manpower of the California County Probation Department are the primary grounds considered by the Program Director in suggesting the establishment and eventual retention of the Halfway House Program. This is because of the position that in order to create a beneficial plan, the reduction of budget and loss of some personnel in particular are unimpeachably inevitable yet valuable decision which will pave the way for a new and more effective program.Halfway House Program, the Rationale Halfway houses are already established since the half part of the twentieth century. According to Smith and Berlin (1988), halfway houses were built by the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the cities of Detroit, Los Angeles, Chicago and new-made York (Smith & Berlin, 1988). In the said halfway house services, the offenders, while completing their prison terms, were counseled, employed and provided with worthy activities which helped them to effectively reintegrate into their respective societies afterwards guidelines (Smith & Berlin, 1988).The said system and the creation of such program such as halfway house service have proven beneficial to both the prison facilities which previously house the offenders as well as the communities where the rehabilitated offenders were eventually assimilated. These worthwhile and beneficial effects to the prison system and the community are, in essence, the very objectives which halfway house program have attained in their efforts to effectively rehabilitate the criminal offender (Smith & Berlin, 1988).Beyond such historical account is the rationale of proposing, supporting and eventually retaining a halfway house program or service. In fact, the underlying principle, which was fundamentally deliberated by the Program Director in this paper for the con sideration of the Chief of the California County Probation Department, is the basic foundation that such program or service encompasses the goal of societal correction and improvement. The principle is that the halfway house program ultimately aims for rectification and eventual development of offenders.This is because the lawbreakers and related nuisance in the society are being corrected while being accommodated in a venue which will leaven more their qualification into being members again of the societies. As what Beha (1977) learned from a research finding which examined the role and implication of the halfway house program, such service of program is definitely covered by the category community corrections (Beha, 1977). Additionally, halfway house program is an acknowledged effective plan or service even by the industry of probation service themselves.In BBC interview with the chief officer of probation services, Kenyon (2006) learned that while risk and problems are not total ly eliminated in carrying out such program, halfway house generally create the very best picture as far rehabilitating criminals and preparing them for their return into the society (Kenyon, 2006). Applying the said principles and proofs to the set-up of the California County Probation Department, it is and so best considered and suggested to the Chief of the need to undertake, champion and sustain the existence of halfway house program or service.In fact, this may not mean the loss of other programs of the County as the 20 percent reduction in the budget, which basically caters to a bloated personnel structure, will be the main source which will support the program. stopping point Being the Director of a Program, my foremost objective is for the Chief of the California County Probation Departments consideration and hopefully, approval of my proposed halfway house program or service. This is prayed for with the presentation of the needed 20 percent reduction in the Countys operati ng budget, which in general only satisfies an apparent over-sized workforce.Such retrenchment is feasible and pleasant based from the benefit packages and incentives which the Program Director likewise proposed. It is through said grounds that the creation and retention of the California County Probation Department Halfway House are justified. This is because by cutting the budget of the County, the problem on bloated personnel is addressed and ultimately the collective goal to create an effective and beneficial program such as the Halfway House is achieved.

Seeing the situations that over rule an administration

Seeing the situations that over rule an administration everyday makes an administrator of the tame wonder with regards which part of education does the institution still needs to work with besides the aspect of student achievement. It could non be denied that the institution has already reached its pinnacle aim of producing student achievers who be both academically and athletically serious about their schooling.However, besides just the idea of achieving, the proposal that follows tries to embark on the idea of fashioning certain changes with regards the morality of the students as this is one of the most neglected argonas of importance in the institution. PRESENTING ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT MODELS IN A SCHOOL ALREADY CITED FOR broad(prenominal) STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT Section 1 Introduction 1. 1 Background of the Study The schools and other educational institutions today are facing large problems regarding the pick out on the students lack of self discipline resulting to under-ac hievements of the students in the school as well as violence within the school premises.How close are these dickens mercantile establishments related to each other? Mostly, the age- item of which the student enters when he attends secondary school is ranged as the puberty stage of an individuals growth. According to psychologists, this picky stage of growth introduces an individual to several major decisions that he has to face along the way towards his maturity. Hence, confusion of priorities and aggravation of depression through the environment occurs (Coon, 1999, 88).As reports could attest to this fact, it is not that hard to understand that there is an requirement need of restructuring the procedures of the school when it comes to disciplining students who are attending secondary education. This is the reason why the researcher of this paper opted to discuss the issue mentioned. The timeliness of the research would thusly help in solving the problems at present especially with regards the issues of education, discipline and student achievements. 1. 2 Significance of the ProblemThe problem as mentioned earlier directly affects the achievements of the students in their schools. This means that because of the lack of discipline, the students of the secondary school level face the challenges of being misaligned when it comes to their focus and at some point choke highly attracted to drugs and violence. This is the fact when it comes to school procedures. The actual reports that pertain to the said issue are indeed much disturbing and further more(prenominal) alarming to the institutional boards.As most of the schools affect by this dilemma are public educational institutions at 79% whilst Private schools are affected by at least 45%, it is indeed necessary to identify the reasons behind the incidents that lead to students lesser interest in school and a higher rate of attraction towards drugs and violence. Through the proceedings of this particular re search, it is expected that the reasons behind the ongoing issue in schools would be further regulated and controlled by institutional administrations through the use of psychological and psychosocial motivation.1. 3 inquiry Questions To be bale to attend to the most important issues related to this particular problem, the researcher decided to use the following questions as guidelines for the uttermost of this particular interpret What are the primary sources of the discipline of the students? Do those sources pertain to the personal or the social connection of the students to the society? How are students reacting to the discipline that they learn from their homes and from their environment?What are the elements that are so far affecting the vision of the students towards their achievements in school as well as towards their future? How are drugs and violence related to the effect of lack of discipline among students? These particular questions shall serve as the primary fo undation of the study. These questions shall be the settling ground of the researcher in finding the right sources for the completion of this paper as well as deciding on the right method to be used to collect actual data for the validation of this study. 1. 4 Purpose of the StudyTo add up to the stress that this study places on the topic to be discussed in this paper, the following presentation of the purposes would primarily support the existing statements of the problem to assist in the validation of the facts that are to be presented. The purposes of this study are TO assist the ongoing researches on school students discipline issues and help the institutions solve the threatening results of the said problems. To make assessments on how the issues could be investigated through the use of psychological assessments and actual-report-based evaluations of the situation. To strengthen the procedures of student motivation that is already currently used in schools in the society to day. The utilization of these purposes within the completion of this study certainly helps in aligning the focus of the researcher. Hence, by doing so, the researcher expects that the focus would be on the oscillation of events that involve The source of discipline, the results of the influential elements of the environment to the discipline of the students and the future of the students afterwards. Section 2 Literature Review 2. 1 What Psychology Says and how Anthropology RelatesBoth psychology and anthropology concentrate on the behavioral study of humans. Through the use of the said studies, the reasons behind the occurring behaviors of students in secondary school could be well identified. With regards the issue on discipline and how it affects the students, Psychologists read that the situation is much controlled by the upbringing of the students. The original discipline that they receive from their homes are supposed to be the basis of why they act the way they do when they are already mingling with their peers or with the society as it is.(Coon, 1999, 89) Moreover, girls of the same age are differently reacting to the discipline that they receive from their homes compared to that of the boys. Anthropological studies attest to the claims of psychology as the said field of human understanding particularly points out the instance by which the discipline received by students from their homes are directly affected by the elements of the environment when they already begin to mingle with their peers or the society. As mentioned earlier, the effects vary.To young girls, the discipline that they receive from their homes are more likely more evident in their system of dealing with others as young girls are expected to be more emotionally and personally attached to the their families compare to that of the boys who are at some point more affected by the elements of change that they encounter in dealing with other people especially with their peers (Coon, 1999, 90). Knowing the sources of the discipline, it is essential to evaluate the claims of both psychology and anthropology through the use of the actual reports that are further presented for better understanding of the readers.

Martin Luther King Jr Essay

Martin Luther King Jr. was born(p) in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15, 1929. He was born during a time when black peck did not have the rights which they have today. He experienced racial discrimination when their white neighbors refused to let him play with their boys.When he was five years old his mother persuaded the starting time grade instructor, Miss Dickerson, to make room for him in her class. Even though he started several weeks afterward the other children, he soon caught up with them academically and even surpassed them before the year was over. Miss Lemon, his teacher taught him to be independent. She taught him if t here was an injustice, he could rebel, but still keep his dignity and find quiet ways to resist. She inspired her students to learn about black history and take pride in their heritage.When he was 15 years old he entered Morehouse College. After two years in school he resolute he could best serve others by becoming a minister. He became assistant minist er of the Ebenezer Baptist perform where his father was minister. The following year he graduated from college, being only 19 years old.He then attended Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. While he was at Crozer he began to study the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi urged people to not fight, but to protest peacefully. Martin saw this method of non-violent resistance as the answer to the unfair sermon blacks received in America.At Boston University he met Coretta Scott who became his wife. They had four children.When he graduated from Boston University he became the minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.On August 28, 1963 Martin Luther King and other leading led a march into Washington D.C. Over 200,000 people marched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. It was here where Martin Luther delivered his I Have a Dream message.

The Analysis of the Effectiveness of a Management Accounting Technique in an Organisational Setting- with Reference to Guinness Nigeria Plc.

trouble Ekiti University,Ado. Project on. The summary of the forcefulness of a focal point history proficiency in an make-upal rangeting- With annex to Guinness Nigeria Plc. 4988 Words TABLE OF CONTENT Title page Chapter single 1. Introduction 2. Decision-making and c ar write up info 3. The concept of figureing and Budgetary pictures 4. Budgetary support systems 5. Benefits of Budgeting and figureary simplenesss 6. Behavioural cheek of budgeting 7. Aims and objectives of the drive 8.Reason for choosing the offspring 9. Introducing Guinness Nigeria plc Chapter Two 1. Introduction 2. Population of the guide and sample size 3. Methods of entropy collection 4. Techniques of data depth psychology 5. Methods adopted in gathering tuition Chapter Three 1. Data presentation and analysis 2. Method of data presentation 3. seek supposition 4. Distribution of samples 5. Sex distribution 6. Test of surmise Chapter Four 1. compact 2. Findings 3. Conclusion 4. Recomm exp iryation Bibliography Appendix A-QuestionnaireAppendix B-Spreadsheet CHAPTER ONE 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Accounting as a body of knowledge does not have a single definition. Various authors have come up with different definitions which reflect the period in the evolutionary stages of account statement thoughts during which the definitions was made. According to Bill R. J. Accounting is touch with the qualification of economic events in monetary cost in vow to collect, record, evaluate and communicate foregone events and to aid in closing making.The American Association of Accounting in 1996 defined accounting as the process of identifying, measuring and communication economic instruction to permit informed judgement and decision by users of the schooling. (Johnson 1987) In a similar vein, attention accounting has been subject of different definitions. One of such is addicted by T. Lucey who defines it as the masking of professional knowledge and skills in the preparation and p resentation of accounting information in order to assist oversight in the formulation of policies and in planning and influence. trouble accounting is concerned with the provision of information to people saddled with the responsibility of managing the af seemlys of an organisation in order to assist them to brighten better and informed decisions and control which eventually culminates in mitigated aptitude and yieldiveness of the overall personal credit line personal logical argument. That has always been the focus of Management Accounting. In recent whiles, Management Accounting is tiring a changed nature. This is seen in the recent developments witnessed in different organisations due to the feature that organisations atomic number 18 making guest satisfaction an overriding priority.Others atomic number 18 adopting new vigilance startes, changing their manufacturing system into a modern system. To this end, in the last 40 years, the world of manufacturing mil ieus have experienced dramatic changes which was as a result mechanisation at every stage in the manufacturing processes which has changed the typical pattern of cost structures and the ways in which efficiency is get hold ofd. It is worthy of note too that increasingly products are highly customised and tailored to individual customers requirements.Many manufacturing concerns have moved from the era of mass production into the era of flexible production to customers specification. The Ernst & Young and Institute of Management Accountant Survey (2003) identifies various(a) precaution accounting proficiencys, twain traditional and modern which have been contributing immensely to the efficient running of organisations whether large, medium or small(a) organisations. Those tools include Budgeting and Budgetary Controls, Break even analysis, Target costing, Benchmarking, mensurate based centering, Value chain analysis and so forth.This look for testament focus on Budgeting and Budgetary Control due to vast application in byplayes take care little of its size. The increasing complexity of business operations and the ever changing conditions of business environment such as the economic, social, technological political development as well as Government policies, make it increasingly difficult for a company to consistently earn profit that would constitute a fair return on the capital invested. There is thus the need to employ modern management tools to ameliorate managers efficiency in order to guarantee a steady return on capital invested. . 2 DECISION MAKING AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING INFORMATION. Decision-making is purposeful selection from among a set of alternate(a)s in the light of a impartn objective. (Oyedijo 1996) Decision-making is not a separate function of management in fact decision making is intertwined with the different functions such as planning, co-ordinating and controlling. Chiefly among all these functions is planning which is set forth as the foremost and most basic of all management functions and the skill with which it is performed determines to a large uttermost the success of all operations of an organisation.In planning, managers outline the steps to be interpreted in move the organisation towards its objectives. The decision making aspect of management function however ensure that best alternative is selected to achieve the objectives. Budgeting plays a vital role in planning and that has a direct bearing with the strategies to be adopted in an organisation. 1. 3 THE CONCEPT OF BUDGETING AND budgetary CONTROLS A budget is a plan of action, normally expressed in financial terms. It provides a bench mark against which authentic performance can be metric and on that pointfore aids control of the organisation.In the CIMA terminology, Budget is defined as a plan quantified in monetary terms, prepare and approved prior to a defined period of time, usually showing plotted income to be generated and/or expenditure to be incurred during that period and the capital to be employed to attain a glide byn objective. Some common types of budget in wide use in various organisation include, Fixed Budget, Flexible Budget, Rolling /Continuous Budget and cypher Based Budget. 1. 4 THE BUDGETARY CONTROL SYSTEMS The budgetary control system usually consists of two distinct elements, which are planning and control. cooking involves the setting of various budgets for the appropriate future periods using a sui hold over budgeting approach. Usually management at various levels in the organisation is come to in this budgetary planning stage for their individual field of honor of responsibilities. The control stage on the other hand involves the comparing of the plan in the form of budgets with the developed results achieved for the appropriate period. Any significant divergent or variation between the budgeted and the actual results should be account to the appropriate management so as to init iate essential actions. 1. BENEFITS OF BUDGETING AND BUDGETARY CONTROLS Among other derives, budgeting if effective in an organisation will help to achieve the following 1. It compels planning Management of organisation is/are agonistic to look ahead into the future. Budgeting also gives the organisation a sense of purpose and direction. 2. It encourages co-ordination of activities It co-ordinates the various separate aspects of the business by providing a master plan for the business as a whole. Though it is impossible to prognosticate all decisions, the budget can provide a framework of reference within which later in operation(p) decisions can be taken. . Authorising and delegating Adoption of budgets by management explicitly authorises the decisions made within it. This forever serves two functions a) The responsibility to make decisions is delegated to individual managers within the organisation. b) The need continuously to ask for top management ratification of decisions will be reduced to the nearest minimum. 4. Budgeting assists in evaluating performance One of the functions of accounting information is that it provides seat for the timement of managerial performance.By setting targets for each manager to achieve, the budget provides a benchmark against which his actual performance can be measured objectively. Before using budget for this purpose however, it must be accepted as reasonable by the individual budget holder whose area of responsibility it covers and whose performance is to be evaluated. 5. Discerning trends Early detection of budgeting also enables unexpected trends because it gives specific expectation with which actual performance is continuously compered. 6. Communicating and motivating Budgeting when applied in an organisation should lead to a severe communication structure.Managers involved in the setting of budgets for their own areas of responsibility need to have concur strategies and policies communicated to them. as we ll budgets that have been agreed by managers should provide some motivation towards their achievement. 7. Control One important benefit of budgeting in an organisation is that it helps to control the business affairs. When the goal have been set for an organisation, the management uses the budgetary system to control the running of the business to evaluate the extent to which those goals are achieved.By a continuous comparison of actual performance with planned results deviations or variances are quickly identified and appropriate action initiated. 1. 6 BEHAVIOURAL ASPECT OF BUDGETING Much have been said and compose virtually the benefits to be derived from a budgetary control system. However, despite the sophistication of most management accounting control techniques they have met with little success. legion(predicate) investigatees have been conducted to unravel what is responsible for the low success rate and what can be done to right the situation.The reasons for the low le vel of success in practice have been attributed to lack of co-operative attitude of the operating managers to the control techniques. This usually manifest at both planning stage and execution of instrument stage. 1. 7 AIM AND impersonal OF THE REPORT The aim of this inquiry work is to critically assess the metier of Budgeting as one of the many management accounting techniques being utilised in Guinness Nigeria Plc in relation to the achievement of overall organisational objectives.The research will be focussing on the extent to which Budgeting cut across the organisation as a whole and it will examine the behavioural aspect of budgeting among budget holders in the organisation. Is budgeting having direct impact on the financial and economic decisions being made by budget holders? Is budgeting in GN Plc effective in communicating the overall business goals to the managers as well as the employees of the organisation? Is budgeting as a traditional technique being utilised in GN Plc effective in giving Authorisations to budget holder in terms of spending decisions?Is it effective in motivating Managers to make decisions that will have a beneficial effect on the organisation as whole? Is budgeting effective in ensuring adequate control of the business affairs? 1. 8 REASON FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC The topic An analysis of the effectiveness of a management accounting technique in an organisational setting was chosen out a burning desire to learn more(prenominal) about an aspect of accounting that has always been seen as core to the accountancy profession. Though there has been development in the area of budgeting and budgetary control technique, which is the focus of this report.Budgeting has generally been seen as a traditional management accounting technique. Interestingly, despite this description and some beyond budgeting models being developed lately by some scholars, budgeting is tacit in the widest use in all organisations even in the government corpor ations. Hence its effectiveness in an organisational setting has remained important to the researcher. 9. INTRODUCING GUINNESS NIGERIA PLC Guinness Nigeria Plc is a blue-chip multinational company that occupies an enviable leading position in the Brewery sector here in Nigeria.The Company is a subsidiary of Diageo a global Company, trading in over 180 markets around the world. Diageo is listed on both the London stockpile Exchange (DGE) and the New York Stock Exchange (DEO). Due to its relationship with Diageo, Guinness Nigeria maintains a centralised reporting structure and that has facilitated easy rendition of periodic Accounting reports to the parent company in the UK. Guinness Nigeria is one of the renowned names in beer market in Nigeria and is a member of Food, Beverage and Tobacco Industries.The company came into Nigeria as early as the 19th ascorbic acid trade had grown sufficiently by 1950s to support a trading company to storage area sales and Distribution. The compan ys main business is production and distribution of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, which are external Extra Stout, Harp Lager, Malta Guinness, Satzenbrau, Gordon Spark and the newly introduced Guinness Extra Smooth. In 1962, Ikeja Lagos was chosen as the site of the basic Guinness Brewery outside Ireland and the Great Britain. His Excellency, Late Hon. Dr.Nnamdi Azikiwe, commissioned the Lagos Brewery the following year the then Gov. General and later prexy of Nigeria. Steady growth and market for Guinness products over the next 30 years prompted the building of three more breweries in Nigeria, which are in Ogba in Lagos, Oregbemi Estate in Benin and Osisama in Aba. The Accounting system in Guinness Nigeria has been the type that facilitates easy adoption and application of Budgeting by dint ofout the organisation. The company uses the software called the Sun System and the fantasy to assist in the business operation as a world class manufacturing company.CHAPTER TWO 2. 1 INFORMATION GATHERING This section is designed to show the process that has been use to gather information in this research. It will answer the fundamental question of how the study will be analysed in the scope of the research work. 2. 2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY AND SAMPLE SIZE Population is the universe of some groups of people or object in which researcher is interested (Asika 1991). This research work concentrate on Guinness Nigeria Plc as a case study in order to assess the effectiveness of budgeting in the organisation.Therefore the population of the study is Guinness Nigeria. Meanwhile, the sample size to be apply basically will be some head of functions that are also budget holders some top management persons as well as essence and start out level managers who are involved with the application of budgeting in the organisation. These are considered to be representative of the population. 2. 3 order OF DATA COLLECTION For the purpose of the research and analysis project, two data collection modes employed. These are primary coil research and secondary research.Primary Research Primary data were obtained through merged personal oppugn of some key employees in Guinness Nigeria Plc, Head of Functions who are also budget holders. Questionnaire was also apply to call down information from both decision enablers and the decision-makers within the Organisation. The data so gathered via this means was invaluable and it forms the basis of data analysis and presentation. Secondary Research Two different methods was apply in this regard namely, program library research and Electronic research.Library Research This has been carried out using some facilities like the public Library, ACCA study text as well as the Student Accountant magazine. This book review assisted in giving background knowledge as per the main focus of the research, which is budgeting. Other relevant data were obtained through the companys internal materials such as the G-News, Managem ent reports and the current annual report. Electronic Research Business related world wide web sites were visited to have a clue as to what effectiveness of budgeting in an organisation entails. Search engines such as Google was greatly used. I also visited sites like www. nswers. com and www. ft. com. Those sites as usual provides more than necessary information which took considerable time to sort so as to be able to identify the relevant ones. 2. 4 TECHNIQUES OF DATA ANLYSIS The aim of this research is to assess the effectiveness of budgeting in GN Plc as an organisation. For these reason data gathered with the aid of the questionnaire will be analysed using simple luck given as A% =a/nX100 Where a = Number of response to one option of items in the questionnaire. n = Total number of response to an item A%= The percentage of responses to the option to the total responses to the item.The Chi-square statistical method will also be adopted in the analysis of the research questions 5 . METHOD pick out IN GATHERING INFORMAITION Basically, personal Interview was used to elicit information from a number of Budget holders within the organisation. Decision-makers and enablers were also interviewed to assess the extent at which the decision of the responsible individuals within the organisation relates to the budget of every function within the organisation. Questionnaire was also utilised so as to be able to adequately analyse the information so gathered via the personal one on one interview.Questionnaire containing 15 structured questions was circulated via the mail to the respondents who are apparently top management personnel in the organisation and the questionnaire was received a week latter. CHAPTER THREE 1. DATA PRESSENTATION AND ANLYSIS. What was identified and observed in the study are here presented in clear terms using descriptive and explanatory tables and figures. Simple percentages and graphics will be used to analyse some questions, especially those r equesting for personal or demographic data or information.The chi-square statistical method will be applied in analysing the research questions which will be restated in the form of conjectural statements in order to find out whether or not the study has actually achieved its objectives mentioned in chapter one and to what extent are those objectives achieved. 3. 2 METHOD OF DATA PRESANTATION The questionnaire collected were properly edited and coded. control boards charts and percentages are used to analyse the background information of respondents as provided in the first section of the questionnaire.Primarily the hypotheses formulated were time-tested using the chi-square method of data analysis. The Chi-square method is a non-parametric statistical technique, which do not make stiff assumptions about the distribution of the population parameters and adopt procedures that are not generally concerned with the population parameters, whence they are also called the distribution free statistic. The decision rule states the condition under which the null theory H0 or the alternative hypothesis H1 should be accepted or rejected.Where the careful values exceed the table value (at a given significance level) null hypothesis is rejected, otherwise the alternative hypothesis is accepted. mathematically Chi- Square is given as ?(0? E)2 E Where X2=Chi-Square value calculated ? = Summation O=Observation E= Expected frequency at 5% SL or 95% CL Chi-square is also applicable where there are two sets of variable expressed in frequencies. It is however limited by its inability to give estimates of mean hence it can not provide confidence interval. 3. 3 RESERCH guessBased on the aforementioned aims of the study and research questions mentioned higher up the following research hypothesis are formulated. Hypothesis I HO That budgeting and budgetary controls are not effective in ensuring the achievement of organisation objectives. Q 6& Q 8 HI That budgeting and budgetar y controls are very effective in ensuring that organisation objectives are achieved. Hypothesis II HO That budgeting is not effective in ensuring adequate control of business affairs Q 10 HI That budgeting is very effective in ensuring adequate control of business affairs.Hypothesis III HO That budgeting fails to give dictum to budget holders when making decisions relating already agreed budget. HI That budgeting gives authorisation to budget holders to make decision provided that has been agreed in the budget. 3. 4 DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLES The population of the study has been respondent from Guinness Nigeria Plc who occupies top management positions, middle management and lowers management. However, the sample size is 40, which implies that 40 questionnaires were administered, out of which 30 were returned. Table 3. 4. 1 No of Questionnaire % chemical reaction Designation Administered Response Refusal book binding Management 10 8 2 27 Middle Management 17 12 5 40 bring do wn Management 13 10 3 33 Total 40 30 10 100 line electron orbit pot 2005. RESPONDENT PROFILES graph 3. 4. 1 INTERPRETATION The above table shows that out of the 30 questionnaire returned, which is 75% of the total questionnaire administered.Top management responses represents 27% of the total response, 40% responses was from the middle management and the remaining 33% of the respondents were lower level managers that involved in the implementation of budgets and budgetary controls. 3. 5 SEX DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS Table 3. 5. 1 VARIABLES RESPONDENTS PERCENATGES Male 21 70 Female 9 30 Total 30 100 SOURCE FIELD SURVEY 2005 INTERPRETATIONFrom the table above, the womanish respondents represent 30% of the responses received that shows that the male respondents are more than the female counterpart by a margin of 40%. This shows that there are more males who occupy management positions in Guinness Nigeria Plc when compared with females. 3. 6 TEST OF HYPOTESIS This section of data analysis and presentation is arrived at testing the hypothesis formulated for the study. These are three hypothesis formulated. HO denotes the Null hypothesis while HI denotes the utility(a) hypothesis, which is accepted once the Null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore for the purpose of this research work and for the testing of the rigourousness of hypothesis the significant level used 5% or 0. 05. The degree of freedom at varies I relation to analysis.The degree of freedom is the product of number of rows less one and number of column less one, and is denoted as df = ( r-1 )(c-1) Where, r & c are number of row and column respectively HYPOTHESIS 1 HO That budgeting and budgetary controls are not effective in ensuring that organisation objectives are achieved. HI That budgeting and budgetary controls are effective in ensuring that organisation objectives are achieved. This hypothesis is to determine whether budgeting and budgetary controls assist in achieving organisation obj ectives. Question 6 & 8 was used from the questionnaire to test the hypothesis. Summary of observation is tabulated hereunder. DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO alleged(a) QUESTION 1. Table 3. 6. 1 VARIABLES YES NO TOTAL Top management 14 2 16 Middle management 22 2 24 Lower management 10 10 20 46 7 60 SOURCE FIELD SURVEY 2005. YES RESPONSES NO RESPONSES E1= 46 *16 E1= 14 * 16 60. = 12. 27 60 = 3. 3 E2= 46 * 24 E2= 14 * 24 60 = 18. 40 60 = 5. 60 E3= 46 * 20 E3= 14 * 20 60 = 15. 33 60 = 4. 67 CALCULATION OF CHI- SQUARE Table 3. 6. 2 O E O E ( O E )2 X2 14 12. 27 1. 73 2. 993 0. 244 20 16. 87 3. 13 9. 797 0. 81 10 15. 33 -5. 37 28. 409 1. 853 2 3. 73 -1. 73 2. 993 0. 802 2 5. 13 -3. 13 9. 797 1. 910 10 4. 67 5. 33 28. 409 6. 083 11. 473 SOURCE FIELD SURVEY 2005. From the above table the chi-square calculated is 11. 473. The degree of freedom is calculated as (r-1)(c-1) i. e. (3-1) (2-1)=2.At 5% significance level, the chi-square calculated is greater tha n the tabulated value, which is 5. 991 from the chi-square table (X2cX2t) that is 11. 4735. 991. Therefore H0 (null hypothesis) is rejected while the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. In order words, the study has shown that budgeting and budgetary controls plays a vital role in the achievement of the overall objectives of the organisation. HYPOTHESIS II H0 That budgeting and budgetary controls are not effective in ensuring adequate control of business affairs. H1 That budgeting and budgetary control system plays a vital role in ensuring adequate control of business affairs. RESPONSE DISTRIBUTION OF HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION 2 Table 3. 6. 3 RESPONDENTS RESPONSES YES NO TOTAL Top Management 7 1 8 Middle management 11 1 12 Lower management 5 5 10 TOTAL 23 7 30 CALCULATION OF expect FREQUENCY (E) FOR THE RESPONSES YES RESPONSENO RESPONSE E1= 23 X 8 = 6. 137 X 8 = 1. 87 3030 E2=23 X 12 = 9. 07 X 12 = 2. 80 3030 E3=23 X 10 = 7. 677 X 10 = 2. 33 3030 CALCULATION OF CHI SQUARE Table 3. 6. 4 O E O E ( O E )2 X2 = ( O E ) 2/E 7 6. 13 0. 87 0. 757 0. 123 11 9. 20 1. 80 3. 24 0. 352 5 7. 67 -2. 67 7. 13 0. 929 1 1. 87 -0. 87 0. 757 0. 05 1 2. 80 -1. 80 3. 24 1. 157 5 2. 33 2. 67 7. 13 3. 060 6. 027 From the above table X2 calculated is 6. 027 Degree of freedom given as (r-1)(c-1) = (3 1)(2-1) = 2 DECISION RULE Question 10 was used for the above analysis. At 5% level of significant, Chi square calculated is greater than the table value of chi square (X2c X2 t) That is 6. 027 5. 991.Therefore the HO is rejected while the alternative hypothesis H1 is accepted. In other words the study confirms that budgeting and budgetary control is effective in ensuring adequate control of business affairs. HYPOTHESIS III HO That budgeting fails to give authorisation to budget holders when making decisions relating to already agreed budgets. HI That budgeting gives necessary authorisation to budget holder to make decisions provided that was been agreed in the budget. Question 15 in the questionnaire was used to lest the above hypothesis. The outcome of the observations made is recorded hereunder. RESPONSE DISTRIBUTION IN HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION 3. Table 3. 6. 5 VARIABLES YES NO TOTAL TOP MGT 8 0 8 MIDDLE MGT 10 2 12 LOWER MGT 5 5 10 23 7 30 SOURCE FIELD SURVEY 2005. CALCULATION OF EXPECTED FREQUENCY (E) FOR THE RESPONSES YES RESPONSENO RESPONSE E1 = 23 X 8 = 6. 13 7 X 8 = 1. 87 3030 E2 =23 X 12 = 9. 207 X 12 = 2. 80 3030 E3 =23 X 10 = 7. 677 X 10 = 2. 33 3030 CALCULATION OF CHI-SQUARE Table 3. 6. 6 E O E ( O E )2 X2 = ( O E ) 2/E O 8 6. 13 1. 87 3. 497 0. 570 10 9. 20 0. 8 0. 64 0. 0696 5 7. 67 2. 67 7. 123 0. 9294 0 1. 87 -1. 87 3. 497 1. 870 2 2. 80 0. 8 0. 64 0. 229 5 2. 3 2. 67 7. 129 3. 060 6. 728 From the table above X2 calculated is 6. 728. Degree of freedom is (r-1)(c-1), which is (3-1)(2-1) =2 DECISION RULE At 5% significance level, chi-square calculated is greater than the tabulated value i. e. 6. 7285. 991. Hence, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. This also establish the fact that agreed budgets give authorisations to budget holders when making decisions that borders on such budgets.The word effectiveness is a continuum and as such, despite the fact that the entire hypothesis supported the fact that budgeting and budgetary controls are effective in Gunnies Nigeria Plc. It is imperative to note that this management accounting technique is more effective is some of the departments in the organisation and less effective in others. The reason is because of the attitude of some functional heads to some of the usefulness of budgeting and budgetary controls. CHAPTER FOUR SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION The thrust of this study is to assess the effectiveness of budgeting and budgetary controls in Guinness Nigeria Plc. Budgeting though often described as a traditional management accounting technique has been in wide use in organisations regardless of its size.The report has focused on the effectiveness of budgeting and budgetary controls as a management accounting technique being applied throughout Guinness Nigeria Plc. It began with a brief description of accounting and management accounting. Review of various write-ups on the topic was carried out to establish what an effective budgeting and budgetary control system is like. The literature reviewed highlights some benefits which management hope to achieve from the adoption of good budgeting and budgetary control system, it also shows the behavioural aspect of budgeting, indicating that if not carefully applied Budgeting can lead to dysfunctional behaviour. In general, the opinion of various scholars on budgeting and budgetary control is that it plays a vital role in the management of any business.Thus having evaluated the activities of Guinness Nigeria Plc with respect to budgeting and budgetary controls system the major findings from the research are as follows 1. The Zero based budgeting method proposed first by Peter A. Phyrr of Texas has been adopted in Guinness for all areas of activities evidently because of the benefits associated with that approach to budgeting. The adoption of Zero based budgeting method in Guinness Nigeria was as a result of the need to improve the challenge around cost since cost management has been seen as a key contributor towards achieving strategical objectives and goals in GN Plc. 2. To avoid dysfunctional behaviour often associated with budgeting and budgetary control systems.Guinness Nigeria Plc has adopted a participatory approach when establishing budget for each of the department in the organisation. Budget holders with help of accountants in the organisation are actively involved in the preparation of budget for individual managers area of responsibility. 3. The information system in GNPLC has been the type that facilitates easy application of budgeting and budgetary control across the business. Budget holders are periodically made aware of their positions in relation to the agreed budget in monthly basis. A report is usually generated at the end of every month comparing the actual activity level with the budget.This enable budget holder to better manage their budget holder to better manage their budgets at the same explanation is sought. 4. There is the business Risk department in Guinness Nigeria Plc. This department handles the change aspect of budgeting and budgetary control for the organisation as a whole. Uncertainty in planning is adequately taken care of by this department CONCLUSION This study has shown that budgeting and budgetary controls have being effective management accounting technique being applied in Guinness Nigeria Plc. With the help of some statistical models used in the analysis of the hypothetical statements formulated (Chi-square).The report has shown that budgeting and budgetary control is effective means of ensuring adequate control of bu siness affairs. However budget has to be realistic if it is to motivate budget holders and discourage dysfunctional behaviour. The research has also shown that budgeting is effective in giving authorisation to budget holders when making decisions that has been agreed upon in the budget. RECOMMENDATIONS turn it can be said that budgeting and budgetary control is effective in Guinness Nigeria Plc when what the management hope to achieve with it is considered, some are of the opinion that budgeting is not very effective due to the fact that some budget holders constantly overrun their budgets and without sanctions.It is therefore recommended that agreed budgets, which are realistic, should serve the purpose of good performance measure for budget holders. Excellent budget management should be applauded and inadequacies given due consideration. The organisation need to be wary of some adverse impact that too heavy a reliance on agreed budget can have on management behaviour which can be dysfunctional with regard to the objectives of the organisation as a whole. It is recommended that some beyond budgeting models identified by some scholars such as Hope and Fraser should be considered and the possibility of their adoption examined. It is also important that budget holders receive enlightenment from time to time on how to better manage their budgets.There must be a continuos revision of budgets, written statement of authorities and responsibility. There is need to effectively harmonise budget plans with the various other management accounting techniques for optimum result since budget and budgetary controls are only a means to an end and not an end in its own. It is also important that management seek for ways to match authorisation that effective budgeting hope to achieve with approval. Finally, for a budget plan to be fully realised, its conceptualisation, preparation and implementation must be anchored on objectivity and sincerity of purpose without which the who le process of budgeting and budgetary controls will become a game of chance. BIBLIOGRAPHYACCA Study textbook (2005) Performance Management. London, FTC Foulks Lynch Publishing ACCA Study Text (2004) Financial Management and control. 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